2023
Alexandre Poirrier; Laurent Cailleux; Thomas Clausen
An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems Proceedings
2023.
@proceedings{Poirrier2023,
title = {An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems},
author = {Alexandre Poirrier and Laurent Cailleux and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-11-03},
abstract = {Military and tactical systems are heterogenous, encompassing devices with low computing power and network capacity. Such networks can be secured by following the zero trust paradigm: every access request to resources is verified, without relying on inherent trust between the requestor and the resource. However, operational needs can require different domains, such as different nations in a coalition, to federate, to enable that resources are shared between domains. This contradicts the principle of zero trust, as information on the requestor cannot be verified by the domain offering the resource, and therefore access inherently relies on trust between domains.
This paper explores a solution for federating tactical network architectures, while following the prin- ciple of zero trust. In particular, due to the power constraints on devices composing tactical architectures, the presented solution does not require invasive software to be installed in requestor devices.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
Military and tactical systems are heterogenous, encompassing devices with low computing power and network capacity. Such networks can be secured by following the zero trust paradigm: every access request to resources is verified, without relying on inherent trust between the requestor and the resource. However, operational needs can require different domains, such as different nations in a coalition, to federate, to enable that resources are shared between domains. This contradicts the principle of zero trust, as information on the requestor cannot be verified by the domain offering the resource, and therefore access inherently relies on trust between domains.
This paper explores a solution for federating tactical network architectures, while following the prin- ciple of zero trust. In particular, due to the power constraints on devices composing tactical architectures, the presented solution does not require invasive software to be installed in requestor devices.
This paper explores a solution for federating tactical network architectures, while following the prin- ciple of zero trust. In particular, due to the power constraints on devices composing tactical architectures, the presented solution does not require invasive software to be installed in requestor devices.
Thomas Feltin; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Heide Clausen; Frank Brockners
Understanding Semantics in Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis in Network Telemetry Data Proceedings Article
In: IEEE, (Ed.): Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2023, IEEE, 2023.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@inproceedings{nokeyf,
title = {Understanding Semantics in Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis in Network Telemetry Data},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Heide Clausen and Frank Brockners},
editor = {IEEE},
url = {https://www.epizeuxis.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2023009866.pdf},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-05-08},
urldate = {2023-05-08},
booktitle = {Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2023},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Expert systems for fault diagnosis are computationally expensive to build and maintain, and lack scalability and inherent adaptability to unknown events or modifications in the topology of the monitored system. While data-driven feature se- lection mechanisms can facilitate diagnosis without the hardship of developing and maintaining expert systems, purely data-driven mechanisms lack understanding of semantic importance within a feature set, and would benefit from additional domain knowledge. Part of this additional knowledge can be extracted from meta-data. The proposed approach combines data-driven metrics and semantic information contained in the feature names to produce selections of features which best represent an underlying event. This study extends a cross entropy based optimization method to join semantic importance with data behavior. A benchmarking architecture is introduced to evaluate the benefits of semantic analysis, and demonstrate the performance and robustness of semantic feature selection on different types of faults in network telemetry datasets, modeled with the YANG data modeling language. The results illustrate the interest of such a complementary meta-data analysis for data-driven fault diagnosis, and highlight the robustness of the studied approach against variations in the input feature set.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Expert systems for fault diagnosis are computationally expensive to build and maintain, and lack scalability and inherent adaptability to unknown events or modifications in the topology of the monitored system. While data-driven feature se- lection mechanisms can facilitate diagnosis without the hardship of developing and maintaining expert systems, purely data-driven mechanisms lack understanding of semantic importance within a feature set, and would benefit from additional domain knowledge. Part of this additional knowledge can be extracted from meta-data. The proposed approach combines data-driven metrics and semantic information contained in the feature names to produce selections of features which best represent an underlying event. This study extends a cross entropy based optimization method to join semantic importance with data behavior. A benchmarking architecture is introduced to evaluate the benefits of semantic analysis, and demonstrate the performance and robustness of semantic feature selection on different types of faults in network telemetry datasets, modeled with the YANG data modeling language. The results illustrate the interest of such a complementary meta-data analysis for data-driven fault diagnosis, and highlight the robustness of the studied approach against variations in the input feature set.
Thomas Feltin; Léo Marché; Juan Antonio Cordero; Frank Brockners; Thomas Clausen
DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge Journal Article
In: IEEE Access, 2023, ISSN: 2169-3536.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Constrained Networks, Optimisation
@article{nokeyj,
title = {DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Léo Marché and Juan Antonio Cordero and Frank Brockners and Thomas Clausen},
editor = {IEEE},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10042405},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3244497},
issn = {2169-3536},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-13},
journal = {IEEE Access},
abstract = {Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Constrained Networks, Optimisation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.
2022
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2022, ISSN: 1932-4537.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Monitoring
@article{nokeyi,
title = {Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9852806},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2022.3197130},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2022-12-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Monitoring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Efficient Data-Driven Network Functions Proceedings Article
In: 30th International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2022), 2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Management
@inproceedings{nokeyg,
title = {Efficient Data-Driven Network Functions},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11385},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-18},
urldate = {2022-10-18},
booktitle = {30th International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2022)},
abstract = {Cloud environments require dynamic and adaptive networking policies. It is preferred to use heuristics over advanced learning algorithms in Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in production becuase of high-performance constraints. This paper proposes Aquarius to passively yet efficiently gather observations and enable the use of machine learning to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information-without incurring additional signalling and management overhead. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an autoscaling system, and a load balancer-and demonstrates the use of three different machine learning paradigms-unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for inferring network state. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius increases network state visibility and brings notable performance gains with low overhead.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Machine Learning, Network Management},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cloud environments require dynamic and adaptive networking policies. It is preferred to use heuristics over advanced learning algorithms in Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in production becuase of high-performance constraints. This paper proposes Aquarius to passively yet efficiently gather observations and enable the use of machine learning to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information-without incurring additional signalling and management overhead. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an autoscaling system, and a load balancer-and demonstrates the use of three different machine learning paradigms-unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for inferring network state. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius increases network state visibility and brings notable performance gains with low overhead.
Zhiyuan Yao; Zihan Ding; Thomas Heide Clausen
Multi-agent reinforcement learning for network load balancing in data center Proceedings Article
In: 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'22), 2022.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@inproceedings{nokeyh,
title = {Multi-agent reinforcement learning for network load balancing in data center},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Zihan Ding and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhiyuan_Yao13/publication/358163217_Multi-Agent_Reinforcement_Learning_for_Network_Load_Balancing_in_Data_Center/links/62fe5fd3e3c7de4c34666311/Multi-Agent-Reinforcement-Learning-for-Network-Load-Balancing-in-Data-Center.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3511808.3557133},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-17},
urldate = {2022-10-17},
booktitle = {31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'22)},
abstract = {This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Conventional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ) are less flexible to the changing workload distributions and arrival rates, with a poor balance among multiple load balancers. The cooperative network load balancing task is formulated as a Dec-POMDP problem, which naturally induces the MARL methods. To bridge the reality gap for applying learning-based methods, all models are directly trained and evaluated on a real-world system from moderate- to large-scale setups. Experimental evaluations show that the independent and “selfish” load balancing strategies are not necessarily the globally optimal ones, while the proposed MARL solution has a superior performance over different realistic settings. Additionally, the potential difficulties of the application and deployment of MARL methods for network load balancing are analysed, which helps draw the attention of the learning and network communities to such challenges.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Conventional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ) are less flexible to the changing workload distributions and arrival rates, with a poor balance among multiple load balancers. The cooperative network load balancing task is formulated as a Dec-POMDP problem, which naturally induces the MARL methods. To bridge the reality gap for applying learning-based methods, all models are directly trained and evaluated on a real-world system from moderate- to large-scale setups. Experimental evaluations show that the independent and “selfish” load balancing strategies are not necessarily the globally optimal ones, while the proposed MARL solution has a superior performance over different realistic settings. Additionally, the potential difficulties of the application and deployment of MARL methods for network load balancing are analysed, which helps draw the attention of the learning and network communities to such challenges.
Thomas Clausen; Juan Antonio Cordero; Antoine Oustry; Sonia Vanier; Liding Xu
Optimization in Wireless Networks Book Section
In: Prokopyev, Oleg A. (Ed.): Springer, 2022, ISBN: 978-0-387-74759-0.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Optimisation, Wireless
@incollection{nokeye,
title = {Optimization in Wireless Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Juan Antonio Cordero and Antoine Oustry and Sonia Vanier and Liding Xu},
editor = {Oleg A. Prokopyev},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-03647212/file/Version_12_Octobre_Optimization_In_Wireless_Netwoks_2021(1).pdf},
isbn = {978-0-387-74759-0},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-25},
urldate = {2022-07-25},
publisher = {Springer},
edition = {Encyclopedia of Optimization, 3rd edition},
keywords = {Optimisation, Wireless},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Heide Clausen
HLB: Towards Load-Aware Load-Balancing Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2022, ISSN: 1558-2566.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@article{nokey,
title = {HLB: Towards Load-Aware Load-Balancing},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Heide Clausen},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2022.3177163},
issn = {1558-2566},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-05},
urldate = {2022-06-05},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
abstract = {The purpose of network load balancers is to optimize quality of service to the users of a set of servers - basically, to improve response times and to reducing computing resources - by properly distributing workloads. This paper proposes a distributed, application-agnostic, Hybrid Load Balancer (HLB) that - without explicit monitoring or signaling - infers server occupancies and processing speeds, which allows making optimised workload placement decisions. This approach is evaluated both through simulations and extensive experiments, including synthetic workloads and Wikipedia replays on a real-world testbed. Results show significant performance gains, in terms of both response time and system utilisation, when compared to existing load-balancing algorithms.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The purpose of network load balancers is to optimize quality of service to the users of a set of servers - basically, to improve response times and to reducing computing resources - by properly distributing workloads. This paper proposes a distributed, application-agnostic, Hybrid Load Balancer (HLB) that - without explicit monitoring or signaling - infers server occupancies and processing speeds, which allows making optimised workload placement decisions. This approach is evaluated both through simulations and extensive experiments, including synthetic workloads and Wikipedia replays on a real-world testbed. Results show significant performance gains, in terms of both response time and system utilisation, when compared to existing load-balancing algorithms.
2021
Zhiyuan Yao; Zihan Ding; Thomas Heide Clausen
Reinforced Workload Distribution Fairness Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@inproceedings{yao2021reinforced,
title = {Reinforced Workload Distribution Fairness},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Zihan Ding and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2111.00008-1.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021)},
abstract = {Network load balancers are central components in data centers, that distributes workloads across multiple servers and thereby contribute to offering scalable services. However, when load balancers operate in dynamic environments with limited monitoring of application server loads, they rely on heuristic algorithms that require manual configurations for fairness and performance. To alleviate that, this paper proposes a distributed asynchronous reinforcement learning mechanism to-with no active load balancer state monitoring and limited network observations-improve the fairness of the workload distribution achieved by a load balancer. The performance of proposed mechanism is evaluated and compared with stateof-the-art load balancing algorithms in a simulator, under configurations with progressively increasing complexities. Preliminary results show promise in RLbased load balancing algorithms, and identify additional challenges and future research directions, including reward function design and model scalability.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load balancers are central components in data centers, that distributes workloads across multiple servers and thereby contribute to offering scalable services. However, when load balancers operate in dynamic environments with limited monitoring of application server loads, they rely on heuristic algorithms that require manual configurations for fairness and performance. To alleviate that, this paper proposes a distributed asynchronous reinforcement learning mechanism to-with no active load balancer state monitoring and limited network observations-improve the fairness of the workload distribution achieved by a load balancer. The performance of proposed mechanism is evaluated and compared with stateof-the-art load balancing algorithms in a simulator, under configurations with progressively increasing complexities. Preliminary results show promise in RLbased load balancing algorithms, and identify additional challenges and future research directions, including reward function design and model scalability.
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data
@inproceedings{yao2021intelligent,
title = {Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.15788.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.
Carmine Rizzi; Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Charon: Load-Aware Load-Balancing in P4 Proceedings Article
In: 1st Joint International Workshop on Network Programmability & Automation (NetPA) at 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2021),, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing
@inproceedings{rizzi2021charon,
title = {Charon: Load-Aware Load-Balancing in P4},
author = {Carmine Rizzi and Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.14389.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {1st Joint International Workshop on Network Programmability & Automation (NetPA) at 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2021),},
abstract = {Load-Balancers play an important role in data centers as they distribute network flows across application servers and guarantee per-connection consistency. It is hard however to make fair load balancing decisions so that all resources are efficiently occupied yet not overloaded. Tracking connection states allows to infer server load states and make informed decisions, but at the cost of additional memory space consumption. This makes it hard to implement on programmable hardware, which has constrained memory but offers line-rate performance. This paper presents Charon, a stateless load-aware load balancer that has line-rate performance implemented in P4-NetFPGA. Charon passively collects load states from application servers and employs the power-of-2-choices scheme to make data-driven load balancing decisions and improve resource utilization. Perconnection consistency is preserved statelessly by encoding server ID in a covert channel. The prototype design and implementation details are described in this paper. Simulation results show performance gains in terms of load distribution fairness, quality of service, throughput and processing latency.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Load-Balancers play an important role in data centers as they distribute network flows across application servers and guarantee per-connection consistency. It is hard however to make fair load balancing decisions so that all resources are efficiently occupied yet not overloaded. Tracking connection states allows to infer server load states and make informed decisions, but at the cost of additional memory space consumption. This makes it hard to implement on programmable hardware, which has constrained memory but offers line-rate performance. This paper presents Charon, a stateless load-aware load balancer that has line-rate performance implemented in P4-NetFPGA. Charon passively collects load states from application servers and employs the power-of-2-choices scheme to make data-driven load balancing decisions and improve resource utilization. Perconnection consistency is preserved statelessly by encoding server ID in a covert channel. The prototype design and implementation details are described in this paper. Simulation results show performance gains in terms of load distribution fairness, quality of service, throughput and processing latency.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Marcel Enguehard; Thomas Clausen
Joint Monitorless Load-Balancing and Autoscaling for Zero-Wait-Time in Data Centers Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 672-686, 2021, ISSN: 1932-4537.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data
@article{Desmouceaux2021,
title = {Joint Monitorless Load-Balancing and Autoscaling for Zero-Wait-Time in Data Centers},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Marcel Enguehard and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Joint-Monitorless-Load-Balancing-and-Autoscaling-for-Zero-Wait-Time-in-Data-Centers.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2020.3045059},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {672-686},
abstract = {Cloud architectures achieve scaling through two main functions: (i) load-balancers, which dispatch queries among replicated virtualized application instances, and (ii) autoscalers, which automatically adjust the number of replicated instances to accommodate variations in load patterns. These functions are often provided through centralized load monitoring, incurring operational complexity. This article introduces a unified and centralized-monitoring-free architecture achieving both autoscaling and load-balancing, reducing operational overhead while increasing response time performance. Application instances are virtually ordered in a chain, and new queries are forwarded along this chain until an instance, based on its local load, accepts the query. Autoscaling is triggered by the last application instance, which inspects its average load and infers if its chain is under- or over-provisioned. An analytical model of the system is derived, and proves that the proposed technique can achieve asymptotic zero-wait time with high (and controlable) probability. This result is confirmed by extensive simulations, which highlight close-to-ideal performance in terms of both response time and resource costs.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cloud architectures achieve scaling through two main functions: (i) load-balancers, which dispatch queries among replicated virtualized application instances, and (ii) autoscalers, which automatically adjust the number of replicated instances to accommodate variations in load patterns. These functions are often provided through centralized load monitoring, incurring operational complexity. This article introduces a unified and centralized-monitoring-free architecture achieving both autoscaling and load-balancing, reducing operational overhead while increasing response time performance. Application instances are virtually ordered in a chain, and new queries are forwarded along this chain until an instance, based on its local load, accepts the query. Autoscaling is triggered by the last application instance, which inspects its average load and infers if its chain is under- or over-provisioned. An analytical model of the system is derived, and proves that the proposed technique can achieve asymptotic zero-wait time with high (and controlable) probability. This result is confirmed by extensive simulations, which highlight close-to-ideal performance in terms of both response time and resource costs.
Mohammed Hawari; Thomas Clausen
OP4T: Bringing Advanced Network Packet Timestamping into the Field Proceedings Article
In: 2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 137-142, 2021.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data
@inproceedings{Hawari2021,
title = {OP4T: Bringing Advanced Network Packet Timestamping into the Field},
author = {Mohammed Hawari and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/paper.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICOIN50884.2021.9333927},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-13},
booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN)},
pages = {137-142},
abstract = {Because it is very bursty, the microsecond-scale temporal behaviour of network traffic in data-centres is chal- lenging to measure and understand. To bring observability into data-centre networks, this paper introduces the Open Platform for Programmable Precise Packet Timestamping (OP4T), a hardware architecture, targeting Field-Programmable Gateway Arrays (FPGAs), integrated into data-centre servers as a Smart Network Interface Card (SmartNIC), and flexible enough to enable advanced latency diagnosis.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Because it is very bursty, the microsecond-scale temporal behaviour of network traffic in data-centres is chal- lenging to measure and understand. To bring observability into data-centre networks, this paper introduces the Open Platform for Programmable Precise Packet Timestamping (OP4T), a hardware architecture, targeting Field-Programmable Gateway Arrays (FPGAs), integrated into data-centre servers as a Smart Network Interface Card (SmartNIC), and flexible enough to enable advanced latency diagnosis.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.
2020
Thomas Feltin; Parisa Foroughi; Wenqin Shao; Frank Brockners; Thomas Clausen
Semantic feature selection for network telemetry event description Proceedings Article
In: NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pp. 1-6, 2020, ISBN: 2374-9709.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: contextual information, cross-entropy based metric, data analysis, data behavior, data structures, Decision support, explanation, explanation process, feature selection, large-scale networks, model driven telemetry, Network Management, network telemetry event description, real-time systems, Selection process, semantic feature selection, telemetry, telemetry data structure
@inproceedings{Feltin2020,
title = {Semantic feature selection for network telemetry event description},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Parisa Foroughi and Wenqin Shao and Frank Brockners and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/AnNet20201-1.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NOMS47738.2020.9110382},
isbn = {2374-9709},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-20},
booktitle = {NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium},
pages = {1-6},
abstract = {Model driven telemetry (MDT) enables the real-time collection of hundreds of thousands of counters on large-scale networks, with contextual information to each counter provided in the telemetry data structure definition. Explaining network events in such datasets implies substantial analysis by a domain expert. This paper presents an semantic feature selection method, to find the most important counters which describe a given event in a telemetry dataset, and facilitate the explanation process. This paper proposes a metric for estimating the importance of features in a dataset with descriptive feature names, to find those that are most meaningful to a human. With this estimation, this paper presents a cross-entropy based metric describing the quality of a selection of counters, which is combined with the data behavior to define an optimization goal. The computation of optimal selections distills intelligible and precise selections of counters with adjustable verbosity, and describes events with a few selected counters outlining the root cause of network events.},
keywords = {contextual information, cross-entropy based metric, data analysis, data behavior, data structures, Decision support, explanation, explanation process, feature selection, large-scale networks, model driven telemetry, Network Management, network telemetry event description, real-time systems, Selection process, semantic feature selection, telemetry, telemetry data structure},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Model driven telemetry (MDT) enables the real-time collection of hundreds of thousands of counters on large-scale networks, with contextual information to each counter provided in the telemetry data structure definition. Explaining network events in such datasets implies substantial analysis by a domain expert. This paper presents an semantic feature selection method, to find the most important counters which describe a given event in a telemetry dataset, and facilitate the explanation process. This paper proposes a metric for estimating the importance of features in a dataset with descriptive feature names, to find those that are most meaningful to a human. With this estimation, this paper presents a cross-entropy based metric describing the quality of a selection of counters, which is combined with the data behavior to define an optimization goal. The computation of optimal selections distills intelligible and precise selections of counters with adjustable verbosity, and describes events with a few selected counters outlining the root cause of network events.
Mohammed Hawari; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen
High-Accuracy Packet Pacing on Commodity Servers for Constant-Rate Flows Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp. 1-15, 2020, ISSN: 1558-2566.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Infrastructure for Big Data, Packet Pacing
@article{9130915,
title = {High-Accuracy Packet Pacing on Commodity Servers for Constant-Rate Flows},
author = {Mohammed Hawari and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-IEEE-TNET-High-Accuracy-Packet-Pacing-on-Commodity-Servers-for-Constant-Rate-Flows.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2020.3001672},
issn = {1558-2566},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {This addresses the problem of high-quality packet pacing for constant-rate packet consumption systems, with strict buffering limitations. A mostly-software pacing architecture is developed, which has minimal hardware requirements, satisfied by commodity servers - rendering the proposed solution easily deployable in existing (data-centre) infrastructures. Two algorithms (free-running and frequency-controlled pacing, for explicitly and implicitly indicated target rates, respectively) are specified, and formally analysed. The proposed solution, including both algorithms, is implemented, and is tested on real hardware and under real conditions. The performance of these implementations is experimentally evaluated and compared to existing mechanisms, available in general-purpose hardware. Results of both exhaustive experiments, and of an analytical modeling, indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform low-jitter packet pacing on commodity hardware, being thus suitable for constant rate transmission and consumption in media production scenarios.},
keywords = {Infrastructure for Big Data, Packet Pacing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This addresses the problem of high-quality packet pacing for constant-rate packet consumption systems, with strict buffering limitations. A mostly-software pacing architecture is developed, which has minimal hardware requirements, satisfied by commodity servers - rendering the proposed solution easily deployable in existing (data-centre) infrastructures. Two algorithms (free-running and frequency-controlled pacing, for explicitly and implicitly indicated target rates, respectively) are specified, and formally analysed. The proposed solution, including both algorithms, is implemented, and is tested on real hardware and under real conditions. The performance of these implementations is experimentally evaluated and compared to existing mechanisms, available in general-purpose hardware. Results of both exhaustive experiments, and of an analytical modeling, indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform low-jitter packet pacing on commodity hardware, being thus suitable for constant rate transmission and consumption in media production scenarios.
2019
Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen
Reliable B.I.E.R. with Peer Caching Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2019, ISSN: 1932-4537.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: B.I.E.R., Multicast
@article{Desmouceaux2019,
title = {Reliable B.I.E.R. with Peer Caching},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Reliable-B.I.E.R.-with-Peer-Caching.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2019.2950158},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {Multicast protocols usually require building multicast trees and maintaining state in intermediate routers, incurring operation complexity. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) ambitions to alleviate this complexity by allowing for source-driven selection of destinations and state-less packet forwarding. B.I.E.R. can also be used to achieve reliable delivery of content, by retransmitting packet to the exact set of destinations which have missed it. While B.I.E.R.- based reliable multicast exhibits attractive performance attributes, repair of a lost packet is achieved through source retransmissions, which may be costly and even unnecessary if close peers are able to provide a copy of the packet.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.},
keywords = {B.I.E.R., Multicast},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Multicast protocols usually require building multicast trees and maintaining state in intermediate routers, incurring operation complexity. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) ambitions to alleviate this complexity by allowing for source-driven selection of destinations and state-less packet forwarding. B.I.E.R. can also be used to achieve reliable delivery of content, by retransmitting packet to the exact set of destinations which have missed it. While B.I.E.R.- based reliable multicast exhibits attractive performance attributes, repair of a lost packet is achieved through source retransmissions, which may be costly and even unnecessary if close peers are able to provide a copy of the packet.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.
2018
Yoann Desmouceaux; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
Zero-Loss Virtual Machine Migration with IPv6 Segment Routing Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings 1st SR+SFC Workshop at IEEE CNSM, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, segment routing
@inproceedings{Desmouceaux2018e,
title = {Zero-Loss Virtual Machine Migration with IPv6 Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Zero-Loss-Virtual-Machine-Migration-with-Segment-Routing.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings 1st SR+SFC Workshop at IEEE CNSM},
abstract = {With the development of large-scale data centers, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a key component for resource optimization, cost reduction, and maintenance. From a network perspective, traditional VM migration mechanisms rely on the hypervisor running at the destination host advertising the new location of the VM once migration is complete. However, this creates a period of time during which the VM is not reachable, yielding packet loss.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
With the development of large-scale data centers, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a key component for resource optimization, cost reduction, and maintenance. From a network perspective, traditional VM migration mechanisms rely on the hypervisor running at the destination host advertising the new location of the VM once migration is complete. However, this creates a period of time during which the VM is not reachable, yielding packet loss.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.
Arthur Toussaint; Mohammed Hawari; Thomas Clausen
Chasing Linux Jitter Sources for Uncompressed Video Proceedings Article
In: In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High-Precision Networks Operations and Control (HiPNet 2018) ad the IEEE 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Linux, Network Greedy Applications, Performance
@inproceedings{Toussaint2018,
title = {Chasing Linux Jitter Sources for Uncompressed Video},
author = {Arthur Toussaint and Mohammed Hawari and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CNSM-HipNet-Toussaint-et.-al.-Chasing-Linux-Jutter-Sources-for-Uncompressed-Video.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High-Precision Networks Operations and Control (HiPNet 2018) ad the IEEE 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)},
abstract = {Beyond the transport of uncompressed video over IP networks, defined in standards such as ST2022-6, the ability to build software-based Video Processing Functions (VPF) on commodity hardware and using general purpose Operating Systems is the next logical step in the evolution of the media industry towards an “all-IP” world. In that context, understand- ing the jitter induced on an ST2022-6 stream by a commodity platform is essential. This paper describes a general methodology to enumerate jitter sources on commodity platforms and to quantify their relative contribution to the overall system jitter. The methodology is applied to the Linux kernel, producing a classification of the different sources of jitter, and a quantification of their impact.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Linux, Network Greedy Applications, Performance},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Beyond the transport of uncompressed video over IP networks, defined in standards such as ST2022-6, the ability to build software-based Video Processing Functions (VPF) on commodity hardware and using general purpose Operating Systems is the next logical step in the evolution of the media industry towards an “all-IP” world. In that context, understand- ing the jitter induced on an ST2022-6 stream by a commodity platform is essential. This paper describes a general methodology to enumerate jitter sources on commodity platforms and to quantify their relative contribution to the overall system jitter. The methodology is applied to the Linux kernel, producing a classification of the different sources of jitter, and a quantification of their impact.
Benoit Pit–Claudel; Yoann Desmouceaux; Pierre Pfister; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4 Proceedings Article
In: 1st P4 European Workshop (P4EU), 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, NetFPGA, segment routing
@inproceedings{Pit–Claudel2018,
title = {Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4},
author = {Benoit Pit–Claudel and Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/en/p4eu-2018/},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-24},
publisher = {1st P4 European Workshop (P4EU)},
abstract = {Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, NetFPGA, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi YI; Juan Antonio Cordero; Yuichi Igarashi
Use 'em or Lose 'em: On Unidirectional Links in Reactive Routing Protocols Journal Article
In: Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 73, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng, MANET, Reactive, Routing
@article{Clausen2018unidirectional,
title = {Use 'em or Lose 'em: On Unidirectional Links in Reactive Routing Protocols},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi YI and Juan Antonio Cordero and Yuichi Igarashi},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570870518300325 https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1570870518300325/1-s2.0-S1570870518300325-main.pdf?_tid=0b7f4a7e-b489-4317-b96c-f18cec2af56f&acdnat=1520779362_84dbf04f92cfc3c7ef2448f3b4c3ebf7},
doi = {10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.02.004},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
journal = {Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks},
volume = {73},
abstract = {In reactive unicast routing protocols, Route Discovery aims to include only bidirectional links in discovered routing paths. This is typically accomplished by having routers maintain a “blacklist” of links recently confirmed (through Route Reply processing) to be unidirectional – which is then used for excluding subsequent Route Discovery control messages received over these links from being processed and forwarded.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng, MANET, Reactive, Routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In reactive unicast routing protocols, Route Discovery aims to include only bidirectional links in discovered routing paths. This is typically accomplished by having routers maintain a “blacklist” of links recently confirmed (through Route Reply processing) to be unidirectional – which is then used for excluding subsequent Route Discovery control messages received over these links from being processed and forwarded.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Sonia Toubaline; Thomas Clausen
Flow-Aware Workload Migration in Data Centers Journal Article
In: Springer - Journal of Network and Systems Management (JONS), 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data
@article{Desmouceaux2018a,
title = {Flow-Aware Workload Migration in Data Centers},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Sonia Toubaline and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10922-018-9452-5?author_access_token=qm_40d91CsNLlZ_vZ0tZFPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4xSrvbLplDMLQ3AN9vWEoUIxtZAIdnOGAzJH5W3YOrbGteOLvaEXsEE1xFv66lVxTKlL40BAS25fsaLf8w1RJAvY69owHWqhJkTmAZpvdCkQ%3D%3D
http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/jons-2018.pdf},
doi = {10.1007/s10922-018-9452-5},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-10},
journal = {Springer - Journal of Network and Systems Management (JONS)},
abstract = {In data centers, subject to workloads with heterogeneous (and sometimes short) lifetimes, workload migration is a way of attaining a more efficient utilization of the underlying physical machines.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In data centers, subject to workloads with heterogeneous (and sometimes short) lifetimes, workload migration is a way of attaining a more efficient utilization of the underlying physical machines.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Thomas Clausen; Juan Antonio Cordero; Mark Townsley
Reliable Multicast with B.I.E.R. Journal Article
In: IEEE/KICS Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN), vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 182-197, 2018.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: B.I.E.R., Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Performance Evaluation, Reliable Content Distribution
@article{Desmouceaux2018b,
title = {Reliable Multicast with B.I.E.R.},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Thomas Clausen and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/jcn-2018.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-01},
journal = {IEEE/KICS Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN)},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {182-197},
abstract = {Inter-network multicast protocols, which build and maintain multicast trees, incur both explicit protocol signalling, and maintenance of state in intermediate routers in the network. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) is a technique which can provide a multicast service yet removes such complexities: in- termediate routers are unencumbered by group management, and no per-group state is to be maintained.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.},
keywords = {B.I.E.R., Chaire Cisco, Infrastructure for Big Data, Performance Evaluation, Reliable Content Distribution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Inter-network multicast protocols, which build and maintain multicast trees, incur both explicit protocol signalling, and maintenance of state in intermediate routers in the network. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) is a technique which can provide a multicast service yet removes such complexities: in- termediate routers are unencumbered by group management, and no per-group state is to be maintained.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Pierre Pfister; Jérôme Tollet; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 819-834, 2018, ISSN: 1063-6692.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: load balancing, Scalability, segment routing
@article{Desmouceaux2018,
title = {6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Jérôme Tollet and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018-IEEE-Transactions-on-Networking-6LB-Scalable-and-Application-Aware-Load-Balancing-with-Segment-Routing.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2018.2799242},
issn = {1063-6692},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-16},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {819-834},
abstract = {Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based solely on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to fairly share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling. A consistent hashing algorithm, as well as an in-band stickiness protocol, allow for the proposed solution to be able to be reliably distributed across a large number of instances.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.},
keywords = {load balancing, Scalability, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based solely on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to fairly share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling. A consistent hashing algorithm, as well as an in-band stickiness protocol, allow for the proposed solution to be able to be reliably distributed across a large number of instances.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.
2017
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Ulrich Herberg
Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, Extension, and Applicability Journal Article
In: Elsevier Computer Networks, vol. 126, pp. 125-140, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng
@article{clausen2017lightweight,
title = {Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, Extension, and Applicability},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2017-Computer-Networks-Lightweight-On-demand-Ad-hoc-Distance-vector-Routing-Next-Generation-LOADng.pdf},
doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2017.06.025},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-10-24},
journal = {Elsevier Computer Networks},
volume = {126},
pages = {125-140},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {This paper studies the routing protocol “Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)”, designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, LLN, LOADng},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper studies the routing protocol “Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)”, designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Pierre Pfister; Jerome Tollet; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
SRLB: The Power of Choices in Load Balancing with Segment Routing Proceedings Article
In: In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, segment routing
@inproceedings{Desmouceaux2017b,
title = {SRLB: The Power of Choices in Load Balancing with Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Jerome Tollet and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/camera-ready-ieeepdfexpress.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-05},
booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)},
abstract = {Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, dc-optimization, Infrastructure for Big Data, load balancing, segment routing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Jiazi Yi
RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 8116, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security, Standard
@misc{rfc8116,
title = {RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jiazi Yi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/rfc8116.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/rfc8116},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
number = {8116},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.},
howpublished = {RFC 8116},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Security, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Jiazi Yi
RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 8116, 2017.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags:
@misc{rfc8116b,
title = {RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jiazi Yi},
url = {https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8116.txt},
doi = {10.17487/rfc8116},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
number = {8116},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.},
howpublished = {RFC 8116},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.
2016
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Ulrich Herberg
RFC7985: Security Threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7985, 2016, ISSN: 2070-1721.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, RFC, SMF, SMF Security
@misc{RFC7985,
title = {RFC7985: Security Threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/rfc7985.txt.pdf},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/RFC7985},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-02},
abstract = {This document analyzes security threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF), including vulnerabilities of duplicate packet detection and relay set selection mechanisms. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described. In addition, this document updates RFC 7186 regarding threats to the relay set selection mechanisms using the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) (RFC 6130)},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7985},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, RFC, SMF, SMF Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes security threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF), including vulnerabilities of duplicate packet detection and relay set selection mechanisms. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described. In addition, this document updates RFC 7186 regarding threats to the relay set selection mechanisms using the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) (RFC 6130)
Aloys Augustin; Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Mark Townsley
A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things Journal Article
In: MDPI Sensors, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1466, 2016, ISSN: 1424-8220, ((5 yr Impact Factor: 2.437)).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Chaire Cisco, IoT, LoRa, Sensor Networks
@article{Augustin2016,
title = {A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things},
author = {Aloys Augustin and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Mark Townsley},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/2016-a-study-of-lora-long-range-low-power-networks-for-the-internet-of-things/},
doi = {10.3390/s16091466},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-09-09},
journal = {MDPI Sensors},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {1466},
abstract = {LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bitrate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This paper provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed.},
note = {(5 yr Impact Factor: 2.437)},
keywords = {Chaire Cisco, IoT, LoRa, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bitrate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This paper provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed.
Ulrich Herberg; Robert Cole; Ian Chakeres; Thomas Clausen
RFC7939: Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7939, 2016, ISSN: 2070-1721.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MIB, Network Management, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC
@misc{rfc7939,
title = {RFC7939: Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Robert Cole and Ian Chakeres and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RFC7939.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/rfc7939},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
number = {7939},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) process on a router. The extensions described in this document add objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC 7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP. This additional state and performance information is useful to troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor discovery.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7939},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MIB, Network Management, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) process on a router. The extensions described in this document add objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC 7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP. This additional state and performance information is useful to troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor discovery.
2015
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
RFC7722: Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Experimental RFC 7722, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7722).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC
@misc{RFC7722,
title = {RFC7722: Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7722.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7722},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-31},
abstract = {This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension. This specification updates RFCs 7188 and 7631 by modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.},
howpublished = {IETF - Experimental RFC 7722},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7722},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension. This specification updates RFCs 7188 and 7631 by modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove
RFC7631 – TLV Naming in the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Generalized Packet/Message Format Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7631, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7631).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7631,
title = {RFC7631 – TLV Naming in the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Generalized Packet/Message Format},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7631.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7631},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-01},
abstract = {This document reorganizes the naming of already-allocated TLV (type-length-value) types and type extensions in the "Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Parameters" registries defined by RFC 5444 to use names appropriately. It has no consequences in terms of any protocol implementation. This document also updates the Expert Review guidelines in RFC 5444, so as to establish a policy for consistent naming of future TLV type and type extension allocations. It makes no other changes to RFC 5444.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7631},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7631},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document reorganizes the naming of already-allocated TLV (type-length-value) types and type extensions in the "Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Parameters" registries defined by RFC 5444 to use names appropriately. It has no consequences in terms of any protocol implementation. This document also updates the Expert Review guidelines in RFC 5444, so as to establish a policy for consistent naming of future TLV type and type extension allocations. It makes no other changes to RFC 5444.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Application Journal Article
In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 2015, no. 06, 2015.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: DFF, LLN, LOADng, SOGRID
@article{Yi2015,
title = {Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Application},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2015-IEEE-Internet-of-Things-Journal-Depth-First-Forwarding-for-Unreliable-Networks-Extensions-and-Applications.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2015.2409892},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-05-25},
journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
volume = {2015},
number = {06},
abstract = {his paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.},
keywords = {DFF, LLN, LOADng, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
his paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
RFC7466: An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7466, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7466).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, NHDP, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7466,
title = {RFC7466: An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7466.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7466},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-03-01},
abstract = {The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7466},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7466},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, NHDP, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".
2014
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove
RFC7182: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7182, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7182).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7182,
title = {RFC7182: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7182.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7182},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document revises, extends, and replaces RFC 6622. It describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and one or more addresses, respectively.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7182},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7182},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document revises, extends, and replaces RFC 6622. It describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and one or more addresses, respectively.
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove; Philippe Jacquet; Ulrich Herberg
RFC7181: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7681, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7181).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7181,
title = {RFC7181: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove and Philippe Jacquet and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7181.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7181},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification describes version 2 of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRv2) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7681},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7181},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes version 2 of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRv2) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7188, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7188).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2014,
title = {RFC7188: Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) and MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Extension TLVs},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7188.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7188},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification describes extensions to definitions of TLVs used by the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) to increase their abilities to accommodate protocol extensions. This document updates RFC 7181 (OLSRv2) and RFC 6130 (NHDP).},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7188},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7188},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, NHDP, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes extensions to definitions of TLVs used by the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) to increase their abilities to accommodate protocol extensions. This document updates RFC 7181 (OLSRv2) and RFC 6130 (NHDP).
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
RFC7187: Routing Multipoint Relay Optimization for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7187, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7187).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7187,
title = {RFC7187: Routing Multipoint Relay Optimization for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7187.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7187},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification updates the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) with an optimization to improve the selection of routing multipoint relays. The optimization retains full interoperability between implementations of OLSRv2 with and without this optimization.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7187},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7187},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification updates the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) with an optimization to improve the selection of routing multipoint relays. The optimization retains full interoperability between implementations of OLSRv2 with and without this optimization.
Jiazi Yi; Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
RFC7186: Security Threats for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7186, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7186).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, NHDP, OLSR Security, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7186,
title = {RFC7186: Security Threats for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7186.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7186},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols using NHDP. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described.},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7186},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7186},
keywords = {IETF, NHDP, OLSR Security, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols using NHDP. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described.
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet
RFC7185: Rationale for the Use of Link Metrics in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7185, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7185).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, MANET, Metrics, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7185,
title = {RFC7185: Rationale for the Use of Link Metrics in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7185.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7185},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) includes the ability to assign metrics to links and to use those metrics to allow routing by other than minimum hop count routes. This document provides a historic record of the rationale for, and design considerations behind, how link metrics were included in OLSRv2.},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7185},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7185},
keywords = {IETF, MANET, Metrics, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) includes the ability to assign metrics to links and to use those metrics to allow routing by other than minimum hop count routes. This document provides a historic record of the rationale for, and design considerations behind, how link metrics were included in OLSRv2.
Ulrich Herberg; Robert G. Cole; Thomas Clausen
RFC7184: Definition of Managed Objects for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7184, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7184).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, Network Management, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{RFC7184,
title = {RFC7184: Definition of Managed Objects for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Robert G. Cole and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7184.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7184},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document defines the Management Information Base (MIB) module for configuring and managing the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). The OLSRv2-MIB module is structured into configuration information, state information, performance information, and notifications. This additional state and performance information is useful for troubleshooting problems and performance issues of the routing protocol. Two levels of compliance allow this MIB module to be deployed on constrained routers.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7184},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7184},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, Network Management, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document defines the Management Information Base (MIB) module for configuring and managing the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). The OLSRv2-MIB module is structured into configuration information, state information, performance information, and notifications. This additional state and performance information is useful for troubleshooting problems and performance issues of the routing protocol. Two levels of compliance allow this MIB module to be deployed on constrained routers.
Ulrich Herberg; Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7183, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7183).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, NHDP, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC
@misc{RFC7183,
title = {RFC7183: Integrity Protection for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://epizeuxis.net/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7183.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7183},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document specifies integrity and replay protection for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). This protection is achieved by using an HMAC-SHA-256 Integrity Check Value (ICV) TLV and a Timestamp TLV based on Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) time. The mechanism in this specification can also be used for other protocols that use the generalized packet/message format described in RFC 5444. This document updates RFC 6130 and RFC 7181 by mandating the implementation of this integrity and replay protection in NHDP and OLSRv2.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7183},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7183},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, NHDP, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document specifies integrity and replay protection for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). This protection is achieved by using an HMAC-SHA-256 Integrity Check Value (ICV) TLV and a Timestamp TLV based on Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) time. The mechanism in this specification can also be used for other protocols that use the generalized packet/message format described in RFC 5444. This document updates RFC 6130 and RFC 7181 by mandating the implementation of this integrity and replay protection in NHDP and OLSRv2.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks Journal Article
In: Hindawi International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 2014, no. Article ID 352421, pp. 12, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LLN, LOADng, SOGRID
@article{Yi2014,
title = {Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
editor = {Christos Verikoukis},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-Hindawi-International-Journal-of-Distributed-Sensor-Networks-Collection-Tree-Extension-of-LOADng-Protocol-for-Low-power-and-Lossy-Networks.pdf},
doi = {doi:10.1155/2014/352421},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-25},
journal = {Hindawi International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks},
volume = {2014},
number = {Article ID 352421},
pages = {12},
abstract = {This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support “sensor-to-root” traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.},
keywords = {LLN, LOADng, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support “sensor-to-root” traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Depth First Forwarding for Low Power and Lossy Networks: Application and Extension Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things WF-IoT 2014, 2014.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, Cross-Layer Design, DFF, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks, SOGRID
@inproceedings{LIX-NET-conference-153,
title = {Depth First Forwarding for Low Power and Lossy Networks: Application and Extension},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-IEEE-WF-IoT-Depth-First-Forwarding-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-Application-and-Extension.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803211},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things WF-IoT 2014},
abstract = {Data delivery across a multi-hop low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) is a challenging task: devices participating in such a network have strictly limited computational power and storage, and the communication channels are of low capacity, time-varying and with high loss rates. Consequently, routing protocols finding paths through such a network must be frugal in their control traffic and state requirements, as well as in algorithmic complexity – and even once paths have been found, these may be usable only intermittently, or for a very short time due to changes on the channel. Routing protocols exist for such networks, balancing reactivity to topology and channel variation with frugality in resource requirements. Complementary compo- nent to routing protocols for such LLNs exist, intended not to manage global topology, but to react rapidly to local data delivery failures and (attempt to) successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover globally from such a failure. Specifically, this paper studies the “Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks” protocol, standardised within the IETF in June 2013. Moreover, this paper proposes optimisations to that protocol, denoted DFF++, for improved performance and reactivity whilst remaining fully interoperable with DFF as standardised, and incurring neither additional data sets nor protocol signals to be generated.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, Cross-Layer Design, DFF, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Data delivery across a multi-hop low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) is a challenging task: devices participating in such a network have strictly limited computational power and storage, and the communication channels are of low capacity, time-varying and with high loss rates. Consequently, routing protocols finding paths through such a network must be frugal in their control traffic and state requirements, as well as in algorithmic complexity – and even once paths have been found, these may be usable only intermittently, or for a very short time due to changes on the channel. Routing protocols exist for such networks, balancing reactivity to topology and channel variation with frugality in resource requirements. Complementary compo- nent to routing protocols for such LLNs exist, intended not to manage global topology, but to react rapidly to local data delivery failures and (attempt to) successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover globally from such a failure. Specifically, this paper studies the “Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks” protocol, standardised within the IETF in June 2013. Moreover, this paper proposes optimisations to that protocol, denoted DFF++, for improved performance and reactivity whilst remaining fully interoperable with DFF as standardised, and incurring neither additional data sets nor protocol signals to be generated.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi
Path Accumulation Extensions for the LOADng Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Proceedings Article
In: Hsu, RobertC. -H.; Wang, Shangguang (Ed.): Internet of Vehicles – Technologies and Services, pp. 150-159, Springer International Publishing, 2014, ISBN: 978-3-319-11166-7.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: LLN, LOADng
@inproceedings{Clausen2014b,
title = {Path Accumulation Extensions for the LOADng Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi},
editor = {RobertC. -H. Hsu and Shangguang Wang},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-IoV-Path-Accumulation-Extensions-for-the-LOADng-Routing-Protocol-in-Sensor-Networks.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11167-4_15},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11167-4_15},
isbn = {978-3-319-11166-7},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Internet of Vehicles – Technologies and Services},
volume = {8662},
pages = {150-159},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {The “Light-weight On-demand Ad-hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation” (LOADng) is a simple, yet efficient and flexible routing protocol, specifically designed for use in lossy networks with constrained devices. A reactive protocol, LOADng – as a basic mode of operation – offers discovery and maintenance of hop-by-hop routes and imposes a state in intermediate routers proportional to the number of traffic paths served by that intermediate router.
This paper offers an extension to LOADng, denoted LOADng-PA (Path Accumulation). LOADng-PA is designed with the motivation of requiring even less state in each intermediate router, and with that state being independent on the number of concurrent traffic flows carried. Another motivation the design of LOADng-PA is one of monitoring and managing networks: providing more detailed topological visibility of traffic paths through the network, for either traffic or network engineering purposes.},
keywords = {LLN, LOADng},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The “Light-weight On-demand Ad-hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation” (LOADng) is a simple, yet efficient and flexible routing protocol, specifically designed for use in lossy networks with constrained devices. A reactive protocol, LOADng – as a basic mode of operation – offers discovery and maintenance of hop-by-hop routes and imposes a state in intermediate routers proportional to the number of traffic paths served by that intermediate router.
This paper offers an extension to LOADng, denoted LOADng-PA (Path Accumulation). LOADng-PA is designed with the motivation of requiring even less state in each intermediate router, and with that state being independent on the number of concurrent traffic flows carried. Another motivation the design of LOADng-PA is one of monitoring and managing networks: providing more detailed topological visibility of traffic paths through the network, for either traffic or network engineering purposes.
This paper offers an extension to LOADng, denoted LOADng-PA (Path Accumulation). LOADng-PA is designed with the motivation of requiring even less state in each intermediate router, and with that state being independent on the number of concurrent traffic flows carried. Another motivation the design of LOADng-PA is one of monitoring and managing networks: providing more detailed topological visibility of traffic paths through the network, for either traffic or network engineering purposes.
Juan Antonio Cordero; Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks Journal Article
In: Sensors, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 14440, 2014, ISSN: 1424-8220, (http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14440).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Jitter, LOADng
@article{s140814440,
title = {An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks},
author = {Juan Antonio Cordero and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-MDPI-Sensors-An-Adaptive-Jitter-Mechanism-for-Reactive-Route-Discovery-in-Sensor-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.3390/s140814440},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Sensors},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {14440},
abstract = {This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.},
note = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14440},
keywords = {Jitter, LOADng},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.
2013
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Yuichi Igarashi
Evaluation of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks: LOADng and RPL Proceedings Article
In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks, SOGRID
@inproceedings{Clausen2013a,
title = {Evaluation of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks: LOADng and RPL},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Yuichi Igarashi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-ICWiSE-Evaluation-of-Routing-Protocol-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-LOADng-and-RPL.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICWISE.2013.6728773},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-12-01},
publisher = {2013 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors},
abstract = {Routing protocol is a critical component of Low- power and Lossy Networks for Smart Grid. The protocols are used for data forwarding, which includes data acquisition, information dissemination, etc. This paper evaluates two main routing protocols used for Low-power and Lossy Networks: RPL and LOADng, to understand their strengths and limitations. Observations are provided based on analysis of specification and experimental experience, regarding the protocol’s routing overhead, traffic pattern, resource requirement, fragmentation, etc. Simulations are further launched to study the performance in different traffic patterns, which include sensor-to-sensor traffic, sensor-to-root traffic and root-to-sensor bidirectional traffic. By evaluating those protocols, the readers could have better under- standing of the protocol applicability, and choose the appropriate protocol for desired applications.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Routing protocol is a critical component of Low- power and Lossy Networks for Smart Grid. The protocols are used for data forwarding, which includes data acquisition, information dissemination, etc. This paper evaluates two main routing protocols used for Low-power and Lossy Networks: RPL and LOADng, to understand their strengths and limitations. Observations are provided based on analysis of specification and experimental experience, regarding the protocol’s routing overhead, traffic pattern, resource requirement, fragmentation, etc. Simulations are further launched to study the performance in different traffic patterns, which include sensor-to-sensor traffic, sensor-to-root traffic and root-to-sensor bidirectional traffic. By evaluating those protocols, the readers could have better under- standing of the protocol applicability, and choose the appropriate protocol for desired applications.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Antonin Bas; Ulrich Herberg
A Depth First Forwarding (DFF) Extension for the LOADng Routing Protocol Proceedings Article
In: ASON 2013 Sixth International Workshop on Autonomous Self-Organizing Networks, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, Cross-Layer Design, DFF, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks, SOGRID
@inproceedings{Clausen2013,
title = {A Depth First Forwarding (DFF) Extension for the LOADng Routing Protocol},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Antonin Bas and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-ASON-A-Depth-First-Forwarding-DFF-Extension-for-the-LOADng-Routing-Protocol.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/CANDAR.2013.72},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-12-01},
publisher = {ASON 2013 Sixth International Workshop on Autonomous Self-Organizing Networks},
abstract = {This paper explores the cooperation between the new standards for “Low Power and Lossy Networks” (LLNs): IETF RFC 6971, denoted “Depth-First Forwarding in Unreliable Networks” (DFF) and the ITU-T standardised routing protocol “LOADng” (Lightweight On-demand ad hoc Distance-vector Routing - next generation). DFF is a data-forwarding mechanism for increasing reliability of data delivery in networks with dynamic topology and lossy links, using a mechanism similar to a “depth-first search” for the destination of a packet. LOADng is a reactive on-demand routing protocol used in LLNs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefit of using DFF conjointly with a routing protocol. To this end, the paper compares the performance of LOADng and LOADng+DFF using Ns2 simulations, showing a 20% end-to-end data delivery ratio increase at expense of expected longer path lengths.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, Cross-Layer Design, DFF, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper explores the cooperation between the new standards for “Low Power and Lossy Networks” (LLNs): IETF RFC 6971, denoted “Depth-First Forwarding in Unreliable Networks” (DFF) and the ITU-T standardised routing protocol “LOADng” (Lightweight On-demand ad hoc Distance-vector Routing - next generation). DFF is a data-forwarding mechanism for increasing reliability of data delivery in networks with dynamic topology and lossy links, using a mechanism similar to a “depth-first search” for the destination of a packet. LOADng is a reactive on-demand routing protocol used in LLNs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefit of using DFF conjointly with a routing protocol. To this end, the paper compares the performance of LOADng and LOADng+DFF using Ns2 simulations, showing a 20% end-to-end data delivery ratio increase at expense of expected longer path lengths.
Thomas Clausen; Axel Colin Verdiere; Jiazi Yi
Performance analysis of Trickle as a flooding mechanism Proceedings Article
In: IEEE 15th International Conference on Communication Technology, 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks, Trickle
@inproceedings{Clausen2013c,
title = {Performance analysis of Trickle as a flooding mechanism},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Axel Colin Verdiere and Jiazi Yi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-ICCT-Performance-analysis-of-Trickle-as-a-flooding-mechanism.pdf},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCT.2013.6820439},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-11-01},
publisher = {IEEE 15th International Conference on Communication Technology},
abstract = {“The Trickle Algorithm” is conceived as an adaptive mechanism for allowing efficient and reliable information sharing among nodes, communicating across a lossy and shared medium. Its basic principle is, for each node, to monitor transmissions from its neighbours, compare what it receives with its cur- rent state, and schedule future transmissions accordingly: if an inconsistency of information is detected, or if few or no neighbours have transmitted consistent information “recently”, the next transmission is scheduled “soon” – and, in case consistent information from a sufficient number of neighbours is received, the next transmission is scheduled to be “later”.
Developed originally as a means of distributing firmware updates among sensor devices, this algorithm has found use also for distribution of routing information in the routing protocol RPL, standardised within the IETF for maintaining a routing topology for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). Its use is also proposed in a protocol for multicast in LLNs, denoted “Multicast Forwarding Using Trickle”. This paper studies the performance of the Trickle algorithm, as it is used in that multicast protocol.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks, Trickle},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
“The Trickle Algorithm” is conceived as an adaptive mechanism for allowing efficient and reliable information sharing among nodes, communicating across a lossy and shared medium. Its basic principle is, for each node, to monitor transmissions from its neighbours, compare what it receives with its cur- rent state, and schedule future transmissions accordingly: if an inconsistency of information is detected, or if few or no neighbours have transmitted consistent information “recently”, the next transmission is scheduled “soon” – and, in case consistent information from a sufficient number of neighbours is received, the next transmission is scheduled to be “later”.
Developed originally as a means of distributing firmware updates among sensor devices, this algorithm has found use also for distribution of routing information in the routing protocol RPL, standardised within the IETF for maintaining a routing topology for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). Its use is also proposed in a protocol for multicast in LLNs, denoted “Multicast Forwarding Using Trickle”. This paper studies the performance of the Trickle algorithm, as it is used in that multicast protocol.
Developed originally as a means of distributing firmware updates among sensor devices, this algorithm has found use also for distribution of routing information in the routing protocol RPL, standardised within the IETF for maintaining a routing topology for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). Its use is also proposed in a protocol for multicast in LLNs, denoted “Multicast Forwarding Using Trickle”. This paper studies the performance of the Trickle algorithm, as it is used in that multicast protocol.
Jiazi Yi; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen
Jitter Considerations in On-demand Route Discovery for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Proceedings Article
In: The 16th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2013), 2013.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Jitter, LOADng, MANET, MESH, SOGRID
@inproceedings{Clausen2013g,
title = {Jitter Considerations in On-demand Route Discovery for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-NBIS-Jitter-Considerations-in-On-demand-Route-Discovery-for-Mobile-Ad-Hoc-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NBiS.2013.28},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-09-01},
publisher = {The 16th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2013)},
abstract = {Jittering (a small, random variation in timing of control message emission) is widely used in protocols for wireless communication, in order to avoid simultaneous packet transmis- sions over the same channel by adjacent nodes in the network. Used for both regularly scheduled packets, for event-triggered packets, and for scheduled resets in the network, jittering is a particularly important mechanism when a network event may cause multiple adjacent nodes to react concurrently. Introduced in the proactive MANET routing protocol OLSR, the “LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation” (LOADng), a derivative of AODV, is specified so as to also use jitter for flooding Route Request (RREQ) messages during route discovery. This use of jitter in RREQ flooding is, however, not without drawbacks, which are identified and addressed in this paper within the framework of a more general study of jitter mechanisms used for route discovery in reactive routing protocols. The paper studies the behavior of route discovery when using “naive” jitter (simply, delaying RREQ retransmission by a small uniformly distributed random delay), in order to identify and analyze the problems hereof, mostly related to route sub-optimality and excessive control traffic overhead. A Window Jitter mechanism is then proposed to address these issues – with the performance hereof, when compared to “naive” jitter being evaluated by way of modeling, theoretical analysis and experiments. The paper shows that the use of Window Jitter improves indeed the efficiency of route discovery in AODV and overcome the drawbacks identified for “naive” jitter.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Jitter, LOADng, MANET, MESH, SOGRID},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Jittering (a small, random variation in timing of control message emission) is widely used in protocols for wireless communication, in order to avoid simultaneous packet transmis- sions over the same channel by adjacent nodes in the network. Used for both regularly scheduled packets, for event-triggered packets, and for scheduled resets in the network, jittering is a particularly important mechanism when a network event may cause multiple adjacent nodes to react concurrently. Introduced in the proactive MANET routing protocol OLSR, the “LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation” (LOADng), a derivative of AODV, is specified so as to also use jitter for flooding Route Request (RREQ) messages during route discovery. This use of jitter in RREQ flooding is, however, not without drawbacks, which are identified and addressed in this paper within the framework of a more general study of jitter mechanisms used for route discovery in reactive routing protocols. The paper studies the behavior of route discovery when using “naive” jitter (simply, delaying RREQ retransmission by a small uniformly distributed random delay), in order to identify and analyze the problems hereof, mostly related to route sub-optimality and excessive control traffic overhead. A Window Jitter mechanism is then proposed to address these issues – with the performance hereof, when compared to “naive” jitter being evaluated by way of modeling, theoretical analysis and experiments. The paper shows that the use of Window Jitter improves indeed the efficiency of route discovery in AODV and overcome the drawbacks identified for “naive” jitter.
Juan Antonio Cordero; Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
Optimization of jitter configuration for reactive route discovery in wireless mesh networks Proceedings Article
In: Modeling & Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc & Wireless Networks (WiOpt), 2013 11th International Symposium on, 2013, ISBN: 978-1-61284-824-2.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Jitter, LOADng, MANET, MESH
@inproceedings{Clausen2013cb,
title = {Optimization of jitter configuration for reactive route discovery in wireless mesh networks},
author = {Juan Antonio Cordero and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-WiOpt-Optimization-of-Jitter-Configuration-for-Reactive-Route-Discovery-in-Wireless-Mesh-Networks.pdf},
isbn = {978-1-61284-824-2},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-05-01},
publisher = {Modeling & Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc & Wireless Networks (WiOpt), 2013 11th International Symposium on},
abstract = {Jitter is a small, random variation of timing before message emission that is widely used in non-synchronized wireless communication. It is employed to avoid collisions caused by simultaneous transmissions by adjacent nodes over the same channel. In reactive (on-demand) routing protocols, such as AODV and LOADng, it is recommended to use jitter during the flooding of Route Request messages. This paper analyzes the cost of jitter mechanisms in route discovery of on-demand routing protocols, and examines the drawbacks of the standard and commonly used uniformly distributed jitter. The main studied drawback is denominated delay inversion effect. Two variations on the jitter mechanism –window jitter and adaptive jitter– are proposed to address this effect, which take the presence and the quality of traversed links into consideration to determine the per-hop forwarding delay. These variations allow to effectively reduce the routing overhead, and increase the quality of the computed paths with respect to the standard uniform jitter mechanism. Simulations are also performed to compare the performance of different jitter settings in various network scenarios.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Jitter, LOADng, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Jitter is a small, random variation of timing before message emission that is widely used in non-synchronized wireless communication. It is employed to avoid collisions caused by simultaneous transmissions by adjacent nodes over the same channel. In reactive (on-demand) routing protocols, such as AODV and LOADng, it is recommended to use jitter during the flooding of Route Request messages. This paper analyzes the cost of jitter mechanisms in route discovery of on-demand routing protocols, and examines the drawbacks of the standard and commonly used uniformly distributed jitter. The main studied drawback is denominated delay inversion effect. Two variations on the jitter mechanism –window jitter and adaptive jitter– are proposed to address this effect, which take the presence and the quality of traversed links into consideration to determine the per-hop forwarding delay. These variations allow to effectively reduce the routing overhead, and increase the quality of the computed paths with respect to the standard uniform jitter mechanism. Simulations are also performed to compare the performance of different jitter settings in various network scenarios.
2012
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Antonin Bas
Smart Route Request for On-demand Route Discovery in Constrained Environments Proceedings Article
In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clause2012f,
title = {Smart Route Request for On-demand Route Discovery in Constrained Environments},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Antonin Bas},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2012-IEEE-ICWITS-Smart-Route-Request-for-On-demand-Route-Discovery-in-Constrained-Environments.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICWITS.2012.6417755},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-11-01},
publisher = {2012 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems},
abstract = {A derivative of AODV , denoted LOADng, is proposed for use in very constrained environment, sacrificing a number of features from AODV for the benefit of smaller control messages and simpler processing logic. Among these sacrifices is intermediate route replies. This paper presents an alternative to intermediate router replies, denoted Smart Route Request, which provides an optimization similar to that attainable by intermediate route requests, but without imposing additional processing complexity or additional signaling. A performance study is presented, showing that the use of Smart Route Requests can effectively reduce the control traffic overhead from Route Requests, while retaining the simplicity of LOADng. LOADng with Smart Route Requests effectively reduces control traffic overhead and on-link traffic collisions, and this especially for multipoint-to-point traffic.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A derivative of AODV , denoted LOADng, is proposed for use in very constrained environment, sacrificing a number of features from AODV for the benefit of smaller control messages and simpler processing logic. Among these sacrifices is intermediate route replies. This paper presents an alternative to intermediate router replies, denoted Smart Route Request, which provides an optimization similar to that attainable by intermediate route requests, but without imposing additional processing complexity or additional signaling. A performance study is presented, showing that the use of Smart Route Requests can effectively reduce the control traffic overhead from Route Requests, while retaining the simplicity of LOADng. LOADng with Smart Route Requests effectively reduces control traffic overhead and on-link traffic collisions, and this especially for multipoint-to-point traffic.
Antonin Bas; Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
Expanding Ring Search for Route Discovery in LOADng Routing Protocol Proceedings Article
In: The 1st International Workshop on Smart Technologies for Energy, Information and Communication, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Bas2012,
title = {Expanding Ring Search for Route Discovery in LOADng Routing Protocol},
author = {Antonin Bas and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2012-STEIC-Expanding-Ring-Search-for-Route-Discovery-in-LOADng-Routing-Protocol.pdf},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-10-01},
publisher = {The 1st International Workshop on Smart Technologies for Energy, Information and Communication},
abstract = {LOADng is an on-demand routing protocol, derived from AODV, simplified for use in lossy, low-power and constrained environments, where the ability for devices to communicate is a commodity to their primary function, and where therefore not only the communications channel offers limited capacity, but also the resources available to the device’s communica- tions subsystem are limted.
LOADng simplifies AODV in a number of ways, notably the route discovery process by removing intermediate/gratuitous Route Replies – sacrificing that functionality in order to attain smaller control messages and less router state and processing. Alas, this comes at an expense: in some situations, LOADng produces increased control traffic overhead (as com- pared to AODV), and more control messages transmissions means tapping into the device’s limited resources.
This paper presents a simple mechanism by which to integrate Expanding Ring flooding into LOADng. The mechanism is described, and the result of simulation studies are presented, showing that both in scenarios with “point-to-point” (any-to-any) traffic and in scenarios with “multipoint-to-point” (all traffic sent to the same destination, as in a data acquisition sensor network) traffic, considerable savings in control traffic overhead can be achieved – without loss in data delivery ratios.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
LOADng is an on-demand routing protocol, derived from AODV, simplified for use in lossy, low-power and constrained environments, where the ability for devices to communicate is a commodity to their primary function, and where therefore not only the communications channel offers limited capacity, but also the resources available to the device’s communica- tions subsystem are limted.
LOADng simplifies AODV in a number of ways, notably the route discovery process by removing intermediate/gratuitous Route Replies – sacrificing that functionality in order to attain smaller control messages and less router state and processing. Alas, this comes at an expense: in some situations, LOADng produces increased control traffic overhead (as com- pared to AODV), and more control messages transmissions means tapping into the device’s limited resources.
This paper presents a simple mechanism by which to integrate Expanding Ring flooding into LOADng. The mechanism is described, and the result of simulation studies are presented, showing that both in scenarios with “point-to-point” (any-to-any) traffic and in scenarios with “multipoint-to-point” (all traffic sent to the same destination, as in a data acquisition sensor network) traffic, considerable savings in control traffic overhead can be achieved – without loss in data delivery ratios.
LOADng simplifies AODV in a number of ways, notably the route discovery process by removing intermediate/gratuitous Route Replies – sacrificing that functionality in order to attain smaller control messages and less router state and processing. Alas, this comes at an expense: in some situations, LOADng produces increased control traffic overhead (as com- pared to AODV), and more control messages transmissions means tapping into the device’s limited resources.
This paper presents a simple mechanism by which to integrate Expanding Ring flooding into LOADng. The mechanism is described, and the result of simulation studies are presented, showing that both in scenarios with “point-to-point” (any-to-any) traffic and in scenarios with “multipoint-to-point” (all traffic sent to the same destination, as in a data acquisition sensor network) traffic, considerable savings in control traffic overhead can be achieved – without loss in data delivery ratios.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Axel Colin Verdiere
LOADng: Towards AODV Version 2 Proceedings Article
In: 2012 IEEE 76th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clausen2012,
title = {LOADng: Towards AODV Version 2},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Axel Colin Verdiere},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2012-IEEE-VTC-LOADng-Towards-AODVv2.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/VTCFall.2012.6399334},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
publisher = {2012 IEEE 76th Vehicular Technology Conference},
abstract = {The Ad hoc On-demand Distance-Vector routing protocol (AODV) was published in 2003 by the IETF, as ex- perimental RFC 3561. This routing protocol was one of four routing protocols, developed by the IETF for use in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – with the other being DSR, TBRPF and OLSR. As operational experiences with these protocols accumulated, the IETF set forth on standardization of OLSRv2, a successor to OLSR, and DYMO – with DYMO being the intended successor to DSR and AODV. Alas, while there was traction for and standardization of OLSRv2, interest in, development, standardization, and use of DYMO in MANETs slowly withered.
AODV did, however, attract interest for routing in Low-power Lossy Networks (LLNs) due to its limited state requirements. Since 2005, several proposals for simplifying and adapting AODV specifically for LLNs emerged, in 2011 and 2012 with the use of one such adaptation of AODV in the G3-PLC standard for power line communications in smart grids, and with efforts within the IETF emerging towards a single LOADng specification, as next version of AODV.
This paper presents this development – from AODV, as specified in RFC3561 – to LOADng. While the basic operation remains unchanged, LOADng presents simplifications, and additional features and flexibilities are introduced. This paper studies the impact of these changes “from AODV to LOADng”, and observes that LOADng unites simplification, flexibility and performance improvements.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The Ad hoc On-demand Distance-Vector routing protocol (AODV) was published in 2003 by the IETF, as ex- perimental RFC 3561. This routing protocol was one of four routing protocols, developed by the IETF for use in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – with the other being DSR, TBRPF and OLSR. As operational experiences with these protocols accumulated, the IETF set forth on standardization of OLSRv2, a successor to OLSR, and DYMO – with DYMO being the intended successor to DSR and AODV. Alas, while there was traction for and standardization of OLSRv2, interest in, development, standardization, and use of DYMO in MANETs slowly withered.
AODV did, however, attract interest for routing in Low-power Lossy Networks (LLNs) due to its limited state requirements. Since 2005, several proposals for simplifying and adapting AODV specifically for LLNs emerged, in 2011 and 2012 with the use of one such adaptation of AODV in the G3-PLC standard for power line communications in smart grids, and with efforts within the IETF emerging towards a single LOADng specification, as next version of AODV.
This paper presents this development – from AODV, as specified in RFC3561 – to LOADng. While the basic operation remains unchanged, LOADng presents simplifications, and additional features and flexibilities are introduced. This paper studies the impact of these changes “from AODV to LOADng”, and observes that LOADng unites simplification, flexibility and performance improvements.
AODV did, however, attract interest for routing in Low-power Lossy Networks (LLNs) due to its limited state requirements. Since 2005, several proposals for simplifying and adapting AODV specifically for LLNs emerged, in 2011 and 2012 with the use of one such adaptation of AODV in the G3-PLC standard for power line communications in smart grids, and with efforts within the IETF emerging towards a single LOADng specification, as next version of AODV.
This paper presents this development – from AODV, as specified in RFC3561 – to LOADng. While the basic operation remains unchanged, LOADng presents simplifications, and additional features and flexibilities are introduced. This paper studies the impact of these changes “from AODV to LOADng”, and observes that LOADng unites simplification, flexibility and performance improvements.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Axel Colin Verdiere
Efficient Data Acquisition in Sensor Networks:Introducing (the) LOADng Collection Tree Protocol Proceedings Article
In: IEEE WiCom 2012, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing., 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clausen2012b,
title = {Efficient Data Acquisition in Sensor Networks:Introducing (the) LOADng Collection Tree Protocol},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Axel Colin Verdiere},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2012-IEEE-WiCOM-Efficient-Data-Acquisition-in-Sensor-NetworksIntroducing-the-LOADng-Collection-Tree-Protocol.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/WiCOM.2012.6478508},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
publisher = {IEEE WiCom 2012, The 8th IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.},
abstract = {This paper proposes an extension to the “LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation” (LOADng), for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support both “point-to-point” and “multipoint-to-point” traffic, avoiding complications of uni-directional links in the collection tree. This paper further compares the performance of proposed pro-tocol extension to that of basic LOADng and to the protocol RPL (“IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks”).},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper proposes an extension to the “LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation” (LOADng), for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support both “point-to-point” and “multipoint-to-point” traffic, avoiding complications of uni-directional links in the collection tree. This paper further compares the performance of proposed pro-tocol extension to that of basic LOADng and to the protocol RPL (“IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks”).
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
Vulnerability Analysis of Relay Set Selection Algorithms for the Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Proceedings Article
In: The 15th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2012), 2012.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Security, SMF, SMF Security
@inproceedings{Yi2012,
title = {Vulnerability Analysis of Relay Set Selection Algorithms for the Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2012-NBIS-Vulnerability-Analysis-of-Relay-Set-Selection-Algorithms-for-the-Simplified-Multicast-Forwarding-SMF-Protocol-for-Mobile-Ad-Hoc-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NBiS.2012.48},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-09-01},
publisher = {The 15th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2012)},
abstract = {After more than a decade of research and stan-dardization, Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANET) are finding their place in real-world deployments, such as in community, tactical and vehicular networks. Becoming so present in “the real world” also means that MANETs, and the protocols operating them, are affronted with a more hostile environment, where misconfiguration, eavesdropping, and attacks must be addressed. A first step in addressing MANET security is understanding the vulnerabilities of MANET protocols, and how an attacker can exploit these. This paper studies the Relay Set Selection (RSS) algorithms that are commonly used in multicast routing protocol for MANETs, and which are undergoing standardization as part of the Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) protocol, developed within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Attack vectors for these different RSS algorithms are described, with the purpose of enabling future development of security solutions.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Security, SMF, SMF Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
After more than a decade of research and stan-dardization, Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANET) are finding their place in real-world deployments, such as in community, tactical and vehicular networks. Becoming so present in “the real world” also means that MANETs, and the protocols operating them, are affronted with a more hostile environment, where misconfiguration, eavesdropping, and attacks must be addressed. A first step in addressing MANET security is understanding the vulnerabilities of MANET protocols, and how an attacker can exploit these. This paper studies the Relay Set Selection (RSS) algorithms that are commonly used in multicast routing protocol for MANETs, and which are undergoing standardization as part of the Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) protocol, developed within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Attack vectors for these different RSS algorithms are described, with the purpose of enabling future development of security solutions.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
RFC6622: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Miscellaneous
2012, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6622).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2012c,
title = {RFC6622: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc6622.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC6622},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-05-01},
publisher = {IETF - Std. Track RFC 6622},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) (i.e., digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs)) as well as timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and an address, respectively.},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6622},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) (i.e., digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs)) as well as timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and an address, respectively.
2011
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
Delay Tolerant Routing with OLSRv2 Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC), 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, DTN, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSRv2
@inproceedings{Herberg2011,
title = {Delay Tolerant Routing with OLSRv2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-EUC-Delay-Tolerant-Networking-with-OLSRv2.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/EUC.2011.27},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-10-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC)},
abstract = {This paper proposes a simple mechanism for en-abling basic delay tolerant networking with off-the-shelf MANET routing protocols – with the objective being to enable trading off slightly longer data delivery delays against resilience to a temporary lack of connectivity between a router and the ultimate destination of an IP datagram. As part of testing the benefit of said mechanism, an extreme network mobility model is proposed, entitled the “PopUp model”: a router appears in the network, and operates normally – then may disable and disappear from the network to appear later elsewhere. Observed to cause severely degraded performance for MANET routing protocols, this model is used for testing the proposed mechanism in OLSRv2-routed MANETs. The proposed mechanism shows to vastly increase the data delivery ration, with reasonably low increases in delays and control traffic overhead incurred.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, DTN, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper proposes a simple mechanism for en-abling basic delay tolerant networking with off-the-shelf MANET routing protocols – with the objective being to enable trading off slightly longer data delivery delays against resilience to a temporary lack of connectivity between a router and the ultimate destination of an IP datagram. As part of testing the benefit of said mechanism, an extreme network mobility model is proposed, entitled the “PopUp model”: a router appears in the network, and operates normally – then may disable and disappear from the network to appear later elsewhere. Observed to cause severely degraded performance for MANET routing protocols, this model is used for testing the proposed mechanism in OLSRv2-routed MANETs. The proposed mechanism shows to vastly increase the data delivery ration, with reasonably low increases in delays and control traffic overhead incurred.
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
A Comparative Performance Study of the Routing Protocols LOAD and RPL with Bi-Directional Traffic in Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN) Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN), 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clausen2011a,
title = {A Comparative Performance Study of the Routing Protocols LOAD and RPL with Bi-Directional Traffic in Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-PE-WASUN-A-Comparative-Performance-Study-of-the-Routing-Protocols-LOAD-and-RPL-with-Bi-Directional-Traffic-in-Low-power-and-Lossy-Networks-LLN.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/2069063.2069076},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-10-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN)},
abstract = {Routing protocols for sensor networks are often designed with explicit assumptions, serving to simplify design and re-duce the necessary energy, processing and communications requirements. Different protocols make different assump-tions – and this paper considers those made by the designers of RPL – an IPv6 routing protocol for such networks, de-veloped within the IETF. Specific attention is given to the predominance of bi-directional traffic flows in a large class of sensor networks, and this paper therefore studies the per-formance of RPL for such flows. As a point of comparison, a different protocol, called LOAD, is also studied. LOAD is derived from AODV and supports more general kinds of traffic flows. The results of this investigation reveal that for scenarios where bi-directional traffic flows are predomi-nant, LOAD provides similar data delivery ratios as RPL, while incurring less overhead and being simultaneously less constrained in the types of topologies supported.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Routing protocols for sensor networks are often designed with explicit assumptions, serving to simplify design and re-duce the necessary energy, processing and communications requirements. Different protocols make different assump-tions – and this paper considers those made by the designers of RPL – an IPv6 routing protocol for such networks, de-veloped within the IETF. Specific attention is given to the predominance of bi-directional traffic flows in a large class of sensor networks, and this paper therefore studies the per-formance of RPL for such flows. As a point of comparison, a different protocol, called LOAD, is also studied. LOAD is derived from AODV and supports more general kinds of traffic flows. The results of this investigation reveal that for scenarios where bi-directional traffic flows are predomi-nant, LOAD provides similar data delivery ratios as RPL, while incurring less overhead and being simultaneously less constrained in the types of topologies supported.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Matias Philipp
A Critical Evaluation of the “IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks” (RPL) Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Computing, Networking & Communication (WiMob), 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, IPv6, LLN, RPL, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clausen2011b,
title = {A Critical Evaluation of the “IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks” (RPL)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Matias Philipp},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-WiMOB-A-Critical-Evaluation-of-the-IPv6-Routing-Protocol-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-RPL.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/WiMOB.2011.6085374},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-10-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Computing, Networking & Communication (WiMob)},
abstract = {With RPL – the “IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power Lossy Networks” – emerging as a Proposed Standard “Request For Comment” (RFC) in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) after a ∼2-year development cycle, this paper presents a critical evaluation of the resulting protocol and its applicability and limits. The paper presents a selection of observations of the protocol characteristics, exposes experiences acquired when producing a prototype implementation of RPL, and presents results obtained from testing this protocol – both in a network simulator, and in real-world experiments on a wireless sensor network testbed. The paper aims at providing a better understanding of possible weaknesses and limits of RPL, notably the possible directions that further protocol developments should explore, in order to address these.},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, IPv6, LLN, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
With RPL – the “IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power Lossy Networks” – emerging as a Proposed Standard “Request For Comment” (RFC) in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) after a ∼2-year development cycle, this paper presents a critical evaluation of the resulting protocol and its applicability and limits. The paper presents a selection of observations of the protocol characteristics, exposes experiences acquired when producing a prototype implementation of RPL, and presents results obtained from testing this protocol – both in a network simulator, and in real-world experiments on a wireless sensor network testbed. The paper aims at providing a better understanding of possible weaknesses and limits of RPL, notably the possible directions that further protocol developments should explore, in order to address these.
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
Study of Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast Traffic Performance in the 'IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks' (RPL) Journal Article
In: Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, Springer, ISSN 1868-5137, Volume 2, Number 4, 2011, (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12652-011-0046-2).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks
@article{LIX-NET-journal-119,
title = {Study of Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast Traffic Performance in the 'IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks' (RPL)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-Journal-of-Ambient-Intelligence-and-Humanized-Computing-Study-of-Multipoint-to-Point-and-Broadcast-Traffic-Performance-in-the-IPv6-Routing-Protocol-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-RPL.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-10-01},
journal = {Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, Springer, ISSN 1868-5137, Volume 2, Number 4},
abstract = {Recent trends in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have suggested converging to such being IPv6-based. To this effect, the Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Working Group to develop a routing protocol specification, enabling IPv6-based multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. This routing protocol, denoted “IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks” (RPL), has been under development for approximately a year, and this paper takes a critical look at the state of advancement hereof: it provides a brief algorithmic description of the protocol, and discusses areas where—in the authors view—further efforts are required in order for the protocol to become a viable candidate for general use in WSNs. Among these areas is the lack of a proper broadcast mechanism. This paper suggests several such broadcast mechanisms, all aiming at (1) exploiting the existing routing state of RPL, while (2) requiring no additional state maintenance, and studies the performance of RPL and of these suggested mechanisms.},
note = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12652-011-0046-2},
keywords = {Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Recent trends in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have suggested converging to such being IPv6-based. To this effect, the Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Working Group to develop a routing protocol specification, enabling IPv6-based multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. This routing protocol, denoted “IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks” (RPL), has been under development for approximately a year, and this paper takes a critical look at the state of advancement hereof: it provides a brief algorithmic description of the protocol, and discusses areas where—in the authors view—further efforts are required in order for the protocol to become a viable candidate for general use in WSNs. Among these areas is the lack of a proper broadcast mechanism. This paper suggests several such broadcast mechanisms, all aiming at (1) exploiting the existing routing state of RPL, while (2) requiring no additional state maintenance, and studies the performance of RPL and of these suggested mechanisms.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Vulnerability Analysis of the SMF Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Proceedings Article
In: IEEE CPSCom 2011, 2011, (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6142260).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Security, SMF, SMF Security
@inproceedings{Yi2011c,
title = {Vulnerability Analysis of the SMF Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-CPScom-Vulnerability-Analysis-of-the-Simple-Multicast-Forwarding-SMF-Protocol-for-Mobile-Ad-Hoc-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/iThings/CPSCom.2011.63},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-10-01},
publisher = {IEEE CPSCom 2011},
abstract = {If deployments of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are to become common outside of purely experimental settings, protocols operating such MANETs must be able to preserve network integrity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol(s), managing the connectivity. Understanding how these routing protocols can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. One routing protocol for MANETs, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a multicast routing protocol for efficient data dissemination, is denoted "Simplified Multicast Forwarding'' (SMF). This protocol is analyzed, and its vulnerabilities described, in this paper. SMF consists of two independent components: (i) duplicate packet detection and (ii) relay set selection, each of which presents its own set of vulnerabilities that an attacker may exploit to compromise network integrity. This paper explores vulnerabilities in each of these, with the aim of identifying attack vectors and thus enabling development of countermeasures.},
note = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=6142260},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Security, SMF, SMF Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
If deployments of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are to become common outside of purely experimental settings, protocols operating such MANETs must be able to preserve network integrity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol(s), managing the connectivity. Understanding how these routing protocols can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. One routing protocol for MANETs, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a multicast routing protocol for efficient data dissemination, is denoted "Simplified Multicast Forwarding'' (SMF). This protocol is analyzed, and its vulnerabilities described, in this paper. SMF consists of two independent components: (i) duplicate packet detection and (ii) relay set selection, each of which presents its own set of vulnerabilities that an attacker may exploit to compromise network integrity. This paper explores vulnerabilities in each of these, with the aim of identifying attack vectors and thus enabling development of countermeasures.
Thomas Clausen; Axel Colin Verdiere
The LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation (LOADng) Technical Report
2011.
@techreport{Clausen2011,
title = {The LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation (LOADng)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Axel Colin Verdiere},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-07-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7692},
keywords = {LLN, LOADng},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Emmanuel Baccelli
Introduction à la science informatique Book Section
In: http://crdp.ac-paris.fr/Introduction-a-la-science,27388, 2011.
@incollection{Clausen2011bb,
title = {Introduction à la science informatique},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Emmanuel Baccelli},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-07-01},
booktitle = {http://crdp.ac-paris.fr/Introduction-a-la-science,27388},
keywords = {Book, Textbook},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Vulnerability Analysis of the Simple Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Technical Report
2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, SMF, SMF Security
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-106,
title = {Vulnerability Analysis of the Simple Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-06-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7638},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, SMF, SMF Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
A Comparative Performance Study of the Routing Protocols LOAD and RPL with Bi-Directional Traffic in Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN) Technical Report
2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks
@techreport{Clausen2011bbb,
title = {A Comparative Performance Study of the Routing Protocols LOAD and RPL with Bi-Directional Traffic in Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLN)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-06-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7637},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, LOADng, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
Delay Tolerant Routing with OLSRv2 Technical Report
2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, DTN, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSRv2
@techreport{Herberg2011b,
title = {Delay Tolerant Routing with OLSRv2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-06-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7662},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, DTN, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Matias Philipp
A Critical Evaluation of the "IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks" (RPL) Technical Report
2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, RPL, Sensor Networks
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-107,
title = {A Critical Evaluation of the "IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks" (RPL)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Matias Philipp},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-05-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7633},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Some Considerations on Routing in Particular and Lossy Environments Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 1st Interconnecting Smart Objects with the Internet Workshop, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, RPL
@inproceedings{Clausen2011d,
title = {Some Considerations on Routing in Particular and Lossy Environments},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-IAB-Some-Considerations-on-Routing-In-Particular-and-Lossy-Environments.pdf},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-03-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 1st Interconnecting Smart Objects with the Internet Workshop},
abstract = {RPL – the “Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks” (RPL) [1] – is a proposal for an IPv6 routing pro-tocol for Low-power Lossy Networks (LLNs), by the ROLL Working Group in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The basic construct in RPL is a DODAG – a destination oriented directed acyclic graph, rooted in a “controller”. Traffic inside the LLN flows along this DODAG, either up-ward (towards the “controller”) or downward. In RPL, upward routes, having the controller as destination (either by way of explicitly addressing the destination, or by using the controller as “gateway”), are provided by the DODAG construction mechanism: each LLN router selects a set of parents, on a path towards the controller, as well as a preferred parent. Once a router is part of a DODAG (i.e. has selected parents) will emit DODAG Information Object (DIO) messages, using link-local multicasting, indicating its respective rank in the DODAG (i.e. its position – distance according to some metric(s), in the simplest form hop-count – with respect to the root). Routes for any destination inside the LLN, other than the controller, are provided by these destinations generating Destination Advertisement Objects (DAOs).},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, RPL},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
RPL – the “Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks” (RPL) [1] – is a proposal for an IPv6 routing pro-tocol for Low-power Lossy Networks (LLNs), by the ROLL Working Group in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The basic construct in RPL is a DODAG – a destination oriented directed acyclic graph, rooted in a “controller”. Traffic inside the LLN flows along this DODAG, either up-ward (towards the “controller”) or downward. In RPL, upward routes, having the controller as destination (either by way of explicitly addressing the destination, or by using the controller as “gateway”), are provided by the DODAG construction mechanism: each LLN router selects a set of parents, on a path towards the controller, as well as a preferred parent. Once a router is part of a DODAG (i.e. has selected parents) will emit DODAG Information Object (DIO) messages, using link-local multicasting, indicating its respective rank in the DODAG (i.e. its position – distance according to some metric(s), in the simplest form hop-count – with respect to the root). Routes for any destination inside the LLN, other than the controller, are provided by these destinations generating Destination Advertisement Objects (DAOs).
Phil Levis; Thomas Clausen; Jonatan Hui; Omprakash Gnawali; JeongGil Ko
RFC6206: The Trickle Algorithm Miscellaneous
2011, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6206).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IETF, RFC, Standard, Trickle
@misc{Levis2011,
title = {RFC6206: The Trickle Algorithm},
author = {Phil Levis and Thomas Clausen and Jonatan Hui and Omprakash Gnawali and JeongGil Ko},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc6206.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC6206},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-03-01},
publisher = {IETF - Std. Track RFC 6206},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {The Trickle algorithm allows nodes in a lossy shared medium (e.g., low-power and lossy networks) to exchange information in a highly robust, energy efficient, simple, and scalable manner. Dynamically adjusting transmission windows allows Trickle to spread new information on the scale of link-layer transmission times while sending only a few messages per hour when information does not change. A simple suppression mechanism and transmission point selection allow Trickle's communication rate to scale logarithmically with density. This document describes the Trickle algorithm and considerations in its use.},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6206},
keywords = {IETF, RFC, Standard, Trickle},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The Trickle algorithm allows nodes in a lossy shared medium (e.g., low-power and lossy networks) to exchange information in a highly robust, energy efficient, simple, and scalable manner. Dynamically adjusting transmission windows allows Trickle to spread new information on the scale of link-layer transmission times while sending only a few messages per hour when information does not change. A simple suppression mechanism and transmission point selection allow Trickle's communication rate to scale logarithmically with density. This document describes the Trickle algorithm and considerations in its use.
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove; Justin Dean
RFC6130: Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
2011, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6130).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, NHDP, OLSR, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2011bbc,
title = {RFC6130: Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove and Justin Dean},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc6130.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC6130},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-03-01},
publisher = {IETF - Std. Track RFC 6130},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document describes a 1-hop and symmetric 2-hop neighborhood discovery protocol (NHDP) for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6130},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, NHDP, OLSR, OLSRv2, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document describes a 1-hop and symmetric 2-hop neighborhood discovery protocol (NHDP) for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Some Considerations on Routing In Particular and Lossy Environments Technical Report
2011.
BibTeX | Tags: Constrained Networks, LLN, RPL
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-99,
title = {Some Considerations on Routing In Particular and Lossy Environments},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-02-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7540},
keywords = {Constrained Networks, LLN, RPL},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen; Emmanuel Baccelli
MPR+SP: Towards a Unified MPR-based MANET Extension for OSPF Proceedings Article
In: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2011.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, MPR, OSPF
@inproceedings{Fuertes2011,
title = {MPR+SP: Towards a Unified MPR-based MANET Extension for OSPF},
author = {Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen and Emmanuel Baccelli},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-HICSS-MPRSP-Towards-a-Unified-MPR-based-MANET-Extension-for-OSPF.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2011.313},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
publisher = {Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
abstract = {Heterogeneous networks combining both wired and wireless components – fixed routers as well as mobile routers – emerge as wireless mesh networks are being deployed. Such heterogeneity is bound to become more and more present in the near future as mobile ad hoc networking becomes a reality. While it is possible to cope with heterogeneity by employing different routing protocols for the fixed / wired part and for the wireless / ad hoc part of the network, this may lead to sub-optimal performance, e.g. by way of longer routing paths due to these routing protocols sharing prefixes and ”connecting” the network only at distinct gateways between the two routing domains. Thus, the establishment of a single unified routing domain, and the use of a single routing protocol, for such heterogeneous networks is desired. OSPF is a natural candidate for this task, due to its wide deployment, its modularity and its similarity with the popular ad hoc routing protocol OLSR. Multiple OSPF extensions for MANETs have therefore been specified by the IETF. This paper introduces a novel OSPF extension for operation on ad hoc networks, MPRSP, and compares it with the existing OSPF extensions via simulations, which show that MPR+SP outperforms prior art.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, MPR, OSPF},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Heterogeneous networks combining both wired and wireless components – fixed routers as well as mobile routers – emerge as wireless mesh networks are being deployed. Such heterogeneity is bound to become more and more present in the near future as mobile ad hoc networking becomes a reality. While it is possible to cope with heterogeneity by employing different routing protocols for the fixed / wired part and for the wireless / ad hoc part of the network, this may lead to sub-optimal performance, e.g. by way of longer routing paths due to these routing protocols sharing prefixes and ”connecting” the network only at distinct gateways between the two routing domains. Thus, the establishment of a single unified routing domain, and the use of a single routing protocol, for such heterogeneous networks is desired. OSPF is a natural candidate for this task, due to its wide deployment, its modularity and its similarity with the popular ad hoc routing protocol OLSR. Multiple OSPF extensions for MANETs have therefore been specified by the IETF. This paper introduces a novel OSPF extension for operation on ad hoc networks, MPRSP, and compares it with the existing OSPF extensions via simulations, which show that MPR+SP outperforms prior art.
Juan Antonio Cordero; Emmanuel Baccelli; Philippe Jacquet; Thomas Clausen
Wired/Wireless Compound Networking Book Section
In: "Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Applications", Book edited by: Xin Wang, ISBN: 978-953-307-416-0, Publisher: InTech., 2011.
BibTeX | Tags:
@incollection{LIX-NET-book-chapter-98,
title = {Wired/Wireless Compound Networking},
author = {Juan Antonio Cordero and Emmanuel Baccelli and Philippe Jacquet and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {"Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Applications", Book edited by: Xin Wang, ISBN: 978-953-307-416-0, Publisher: InTech.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
2010
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Comparative Study of RPL-Enabled Optimized Broadcast in Wireless Sensor Networks Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clausen2010e,
title = {Comparative Study of RPL-Enabled Optimized Broadcast in Wireless Sensor Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-ISSNIP-Comparative-Study-of-RPL-Enabled-Optimized-Broadcast-in-Wireless-Sensor-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ISSNIP.2010.5706795},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-12-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP)},
abstract = {Recent trends have suggested convergence to Wire-less Sensor Networks (WSNs) becoming IPv6-based. To this effect, the Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Work-ing Group to develop a routing protocol specification, enabling IPv6-based multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. The current effort of this working group is development of a uni-cast routing protocol denoted RPL. RPL constructs a “DAG-like” logical structure with a single root, at which the majority of the traffic flows terminate, and assumes restrictions on network dynamics and traffic generality, in order to satisfy strict constraints on router state and processing. This paper investigates the possibility for providing (effi-cient) network-wide broadcast mechanisms in WSNs, using the logical structure already provided by RPL. The aim hereof is to not impose any additional state requirements on WSN routers already running RPL. This paper presents two such broadcast mechanisms for RPL routed WSNs, and evaluates their performances. As part of this evaluation, the paper compares with MPR Flooding – an established efficient flooding optimization, widely used in MANETs.},
keywords = {Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Recent trends have suggested convergence to Wire-less Sensor Networks (WSNs) becoming IPv6-based. To this effect, the Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Work-ing Group to develop a routing protocol specification, enabling IPv6-based multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. The current effort of this working group is development of a uni-cast routing protocol denoted RPL. RPL constructs a “DAG-like” logical structure with a single root, at which the majority of the traffic flows terminate, and assumes restrictions on network dynamics and traffic generality, in order to satisfy strict constraints on router state and processing. This paper investigates the possibility for providing (effi-cient) network-wide broadcast mechanisms in WSNs, using the logical structure already provided by RPL. The aim hereof is to not impose any additional state requirements on WSN routers already running RPL. This paper presents two such broadcast mechanisms for RPL routed WSNs, and evaluates their performances. As part of this evaluation, the paper compares with MPR Flooding – an established efficient flooding optimization, widely used in MANETs.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Ryuji Wakikawa
IPv6 Operation for WAVE - Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of IEEE VNC 2010, Jersey City, USA, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: IPv6, WAVE
@inproceedings{Clausen2010f,
title = {IPv6 Operation for WAVE - Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Ryuji Wakikawa},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-VNC-IPv6-Operation-for-WAVE-Wireless-Access-in-Vehicular-Environments.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/VNC.2010.5698260},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-12-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of IEEE VNC 2010, Jersey City, USA},
abstract = {The IEEE WAVE protocol suite is providing commu- nications services to applications in vehicular networks, by way of promising support for two protocol stacks: the Wave Short Message Protocol (WSMP) and IPv6. While WSMP is developed within the IEEE 1609 family of standards, the authors of this paper assert, that considerations for IPv6 operation for WAVE are less developed, and several issues are left unaddressed by the current IEEE 1609 specifications. This paper reviews these issues and analyzes the main challenges in providing proper IPv6 operation for WAVE networks.},
keywords = {IPv6, WAVE},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The IEEE WAVE protocol suite is providing commu- nications services to applications in vehicular networks, by way of promising support for two protocol stacks: the Wave Short Message Protocol (WSMP) and IPv6. While WSMP is developed within the IEEE 1609 family of standards, the authors of this paper assert, that considerations for IPv6 operation for WAVE are less developed, and several issues are left unaddressed by the current IEEE 1609 specifications. This paper reviews these issues and analyzes the main challenges in providing proper IPv6 operation for WAVE networks.
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
Yet Another Autoconf Proposal (YAAP) for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN'10), 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH
@inproceedings{Clausen2010g,
title = {Yet Another Autoconf Proposal (YAAP) for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-MSN-Yet-Another-Autoconf-Proposal.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/MSN.2010.48},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-12-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN'10)},
abstract = {This paper addresses the issues of automatic address and prefix configuration of MANET routers. Specifically, the paper analyzes the differences between “classic IP networks” and MANETs, emphasizing the interface, link, topology, and addressing assumptions present in “classic IP networks”. The paper presents a model for how this can be matched to the specific constraints and conditions of a MANET – i.e., how MANETs can be configured to adhere to the Internet addressing architecture. This sets the stage for development of a MANET autoconfiguration protocol, enabling automatic configuration of MANET interfaces and prefix delegation. This autoconfiguration protocol is characterized by (i) adhering strictly to the Internet addressing architecture, (ii) being able to configure both MANET interface addresses and handle prefix delegation, and (iii) being able to configure both stand-alone MANETs, as well as MANETs connected to an infrastructure providing, e.g., globally scoped addresses/prefixes for use within the MANET. The protocol is specified through timed automatons which, by way of model checking, enable verification of certain protocol properties. Fur-thermore, a performance study of the basic protocol, as well as an optimization hereto, is conducted based on network simulations.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper addresses the issues of automatic address and prefix configuration of MANET routers. Specifically, the paper analyzes the differences between “classic IP networks” and MANETs, emphasizing the interface, link, topology, and addressing assumptions present in “classic IP networks”. The paper presents a model for how this can be matched to the specific constraints and conditions of a MANET – i.e., how MANETs can be configured to adhere to the Internet addressing architecture. This sets the stage for development of a MANET autoconfiguration protocol, enabling automatic configuration of MANET interfaces and prefix delegation. This autoconfiguration protocol is characterized by (i) adhering strictly to the Internet addressing architecture, (ii) being able to configure both MANET interface addresses and handle prefix delegation, and (iii) being able to configure both stand-alone MANETs, as well as MANETs connected to an infrastructure providing, e.g., globally scoped addresses/prefixes for use within the MANET. The protocol is specified through timed automatons which, by way of model checking, enable verification of certain protocol properties. Fur-thermore, a performance study of the basic protocol, as well as an optimization hereto, is conducted based on network simulations.
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen; Robert G. Cole
MANET Network Management and Performance Monitoring for NHDP and OLSRv2 Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Network and Services Management, 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Network Management, Network Monitoring, OLSR, OLSRv2
@inproceedings{Herberg2010,
title = {MANET Network Management and Performance Monitoring for NHDP and OLSRv2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen and Robert G. Cole},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-CNSM-MANET-Network-Management-and-Performance-Monitoring-for-NHDP-and-OLSRv2.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/CNSM.2010.5691209},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-10-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Network and Services Management},
abstract = {Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs) are gener-ally thought of as infrastructureless and largely “un-managed” network deployments, capable of accommodating highly dynamic network topologies. Yet, while the network infrastructure may be “un-managed”, monitoring the network performance and setting configuration parameters once deployed, remains important in order to ensure proper “tuning” and maintenance of a MANET. This paper describes a management framework for the MANET routing protocol OLSRv2, and its constituent protocol NHDP. It does so by presenting considerations for “what to monitor and manage” in an OLSRv2 network, and how. The approach developed is based on the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and thus this paper details the various Management Information Bases (MIBs) for router status monitoring and control – as well as a novel approach to history-based perfor-mance monitoring. While SNMP may not be optimally designed for MANETs, it is chosen due to it being the predominant protocol for IP network management – and thus, efforts are made in this paper to “adapt” the management tools within the SNMP framework for reasonable behavior also in a MANET environment.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Network Management, Network Monitoring, OLSR, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs) are gener-ally thought of as infrastructureless and largely “un-managed” network deployments, capable of accommodating highly dynamic network topologies. Yet, while the network infrastructure may be “un-managed”, monitoring the network performance and setting configuration parameters once deployed, remains important in order to ensure proper “tuning” and maintenance of a MANET. This paper describes a management framework for the MANET routing protocol OLSRv2, and its constituent protocol NHDP. It does so by presenting considerations for “what to monitor and manage” in an OLSRv2 network, and how. The approach developed is based on the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and thus this paper details the various Management Information Bases (MIBs) for router status monitoring and control – as well as a novel approach to history-based perfor-mance monitoring. While SNMP may not be optimally designed for MANETs, it is chosen due to it being the predominant protocol for IP network management – and thus, efforts are made in this paper to “adapt” the management tools within the SNMP framework for reasonable behavior also in a MANET environment.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast in RPL Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Frontiers in Ubiquitous Computing, Networking and Applications (NeoFUSION 2010), 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, RPL, Sensor Networks
@inproceedings{Clausen2010h,
title = {Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast in RPL},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-NeoFUSION-Multipoint-to-Point-and-Broadcast-in-RPL.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NBiS.2010.38},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Frontiers in Ubiquitous Computing, Networking and Applications (NeoFUSION 2010)},
abstract = {Recent trends in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have suggested converging to such being IPv6-based. To this effect, the Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Working Group to develop a routing protocol specification, enabling IPv6-based multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. This routing protocol, denoted RPL, has been under development for approximately a year, and this paper takes a critical look at the state of advancement hereof: it provides a brief algorithmic description of the protocol, and discusses areas where – in the authors view – further efforts are required in order for the protocol to become a viable candidate for general use in WSNs. Among these areas is the lack of a proper broadcast mechanism. This paper suggests two such broadcast mechanisms, both aiming at (i) exploiting the existing routing state of RPL, while (ii) requiring no additional state maintenance, and studies the performance of RPL and of these suggested mechanisms.},
keywords = {Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Recent trends in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have suggested converging to such being IPv6-based. To this effect, the Internet Engineering Task Force has chartered a Working Group to develop a routing protocol specification, enabling IPv6-based multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks. This routing protocol, denoted RPL, has been under development for approximately a year, and this paper takes a critical look at the state of advancement hereof: it provides a brief algorithmic description of the protocol, and discusses areas where – in the authors view – further efforts are required in order for the protocol to become a viable candidate for general use in WSNs. Among these areas is the lack of a proper broadcast mechanism. This paper suggests two such broadcast mechanisms, both aiming at (i) exploiting the existing routing state of RPL, while (ii) requiring no additional state maintenance, and studies the performance of RPL and of these suggested mechanisms.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Router and Link Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Network and System Security (NSS 2010), 2010, ISBN: 978-1-4244-8484-3.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, Security
@inproceedings{Clausen2010i,
title = {Router and Link Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-NSS-Router-and-Link-Admittance-Control-in-the-Optimized-Link-State-Routing-Protocol-version-2-OLSRv2.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NSS.2010.20},
isbn = {978-1-4244-8484-3},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Network and System Security (NSS 2010)},
abstract = {This paper presents security mechanisms for router and link admittance control in OLSRv2. Digitally signing OLSRv2 control messages allows recipient routers to – individually – choose to admit or exclude the originating router for when populating link-state databases, calculating MPR sets etc. By additionally embedding signatures for each advertised link, recipient routers can also control admittance of each advertised link in the message, rendering an OLSRv2 network resilient to both identity-spoofing and link-spoofing attacks. The flip-side of the coin when using such a link-admittance mechanism is, that the number of signatures to include in each OLSRv2 control message is a function of the number of links advertised. For HELLO messages, this is essentially the number of neighbor routers, for TC messages, this is the number of MPR Selectors of the originator of the message. Also, upon receipt of a control message, these signatures are to be verified. This paper studies the impact of adding a link-admittance control mechanism to OLSRv2, both in terms of additional control-traffic overhead and additional in-router processing resources, using several cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography for very short signatures. Index Terms—OLSRv2, MANET, security, router, link admit-tance control, digital signatures},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper presents security mechanisms for router and link admittance control in OLSRv2. Digitally signing OLSRv2 control messages allows recipient routers to – individually – choose to admit or exclude the originating router for when populating link-state databases, calculating MPR sets etc. By additionally embedding signatures for each advertised link, recipient routers can also control admittance of each advertised link in the message, rendering an OLSRv2 network resilient to both identity-spoofing and link-spoofing attacks. The flip-side of the coin when using such a link-admittance mechanism is, that the number of signatures to include in each OLSRv2 control message is a function of the number of links advertised. For HELLO messages, this is essentially the number of neighbor routers, for TC messages, this is the number of MPR Selectors of the originator of the message. Also, upon receipt of a control message, these signatures are to be verified. This paper studies the impact of adding a link-admittance control mechanism to OLSRv2, both in terms of additional control-traffic overhead and additional in-router processing resources, using several cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography for very short signatures. Index Terms—OLSRv2, MANET, security, router, link admit-tance control, digital signatures
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Study of Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast Traffic Performance in RPL Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, MANET, MESH, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks
@techreport{Clausen2010bb,
title = {Study of Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast Traffic Performance in RPL},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-7384},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, MANET, MESH, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Emmanuel Baccelli; Ryuji Wakikawa
IPv6 Operation for WAVE - Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments Technical Report
2010.
@techreport{Clausen2010bbb,
title = {IPv6 Operation for WAVE - Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Emmanuel Baccelli and Ryuji Wakikawa},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-09-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-7383},
keywords = {IPv6, WAVE},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen; Jerome Milan
Digital Signatures for Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications (iTAP 2010), 2010, ISBN: 978-1-4244-5142-5.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2
@inproceedings{Clausen2010j,
title = {Digital Signatures for Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen and Jerome Milan},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-ITAP-Digital-Signatures-for-Admittance-Control-in-OLSRv2.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ITAPP.2010.5566285},
isbn = {978-1-4244-5142-5},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-08-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications (iTAP 2010)},
abstract = {Public community Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs), such as the “Funkfeuer” or “Freifunk” networks, scale up to several hundreds of routers, connecting users with each other, and with the Internet. As MANETs are typically operated over wireless channels (e.g. WiFi), access to these networks is granted to anyone in the radio range of another router in the MANET, and running the same MANET routing protocol. In order to protect the stability of the networks from malicious intruders, it is important to ensure that only trusted peers are admitted to participate in the control message exchange, and to provide means for logically “disconnecting” a non-trustworthy peer. This paper presents the concept of admittance control for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and suggests a security extension based on digital signatures. Due to the flexible message format of OLSRv2, this extension keeps compatibility with the core OLSRv2 specification. Several standard digital signature algorithms (RSA, DSA, ECDSA), as well as HMAC, are compared in terms of message overhead and CPU time for generating and processing signatures.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Public community Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs), such as the “Funkfeuer” or “Freifunk” networks, scale up to several hundreds of routers, connecting users with each other, and with the Internet. As MANETs are typically operated over wireless channels (e.g. WiFi), access to these networks is granted to anyone in the radio range of another router in the MANET, and running the same MANET routing protocol. In order to protect the stability of the networks from malicious intruders, it is important to ensure that only trusted peers are admitted to participate in the control message exchange, and to provide means for logically “disconnecting” a non-trustworthy peer. This paper presents the concept of admittance control for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and suggests a security extension based on digital signatures. Due to the flexible message format of OLSRv2, this extension keeps compatibility with the core OLSRv2 specification. Several standard digital signature algorithms (RSA, DSA, ECDSA), as well as HMAC, are compared in terms of message overhead and CPU time for generating and processing signatures.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Yet Another Autoconf Proposal (YAAP) for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH
@techreport{Clausen2010bbc,
title = {Yet Another Autoconf Proposal (YAAP) for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-07-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7341},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
MANET Network Management and Performance Monitoring for NHDP and OLSRv2 Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Network Management, Network Monitoring, NHDP, OLSR, OLSRv2
@techreport{Clausen2010bbd,
title = {MANET Network Management and Performance Monitoring for NHDP and OLSRv2},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-06-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7311},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, Network Management, Network Monitoring, NHDP, OLSR, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Vulnerability Analysis of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Information Security (WCNIS2010), 2010, ISBN: 978-1-4244-5850-9.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, Security
@inproceedings{Clausen2010k,
title = {Vulnerability Analysis of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-WCNIS-Vulnerability-Analysis-of-the-Optimized-Link-State-Routing-Protocol-version-2-OLSRv2.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/WCINS.2010.5544732},
isbn = {978-1-4244-5850-9},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-06-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Information Security (WCNIS2010)},
abstract = {Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are leaving the confines of research laboratories, to find place in real-world deploy-ments. Outside specialized domains (military, vehicular, etc.), city-wide community-networks are emerging, connecting regular Internet users with each other, and with the Internet, via MANETs. Growing to encompass more than a handful of “trusted participants”, the question of preserving the MANET network connectivity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants, arises, and must be addressed. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol, managing the connectivity. By understanding how the algorithms of the routing protocol operate, and how these can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. This paper takes an abstract look at the algorithms that constitute the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and identifies for each protocol element the possible vulnerabilities and attacks – in a certain way, provides a “cookbook” for how to best attack an operational OLSRv2 network, or for how to proceed with developing protective countermeasures against these attacks.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2, Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are leaving the confines of research laboratories, to find place in real-world deploy-ments. Outside specialized domains (military, vehicular, etc.), city-wide community-networks are emerging, connecting regular Internet users with each other, and with the Internet, via MANETs. Growing to encompass more than a handful of “trusted participants”, the question of preserving the MANET network connectivity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants, arises, and must be addressed. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol, managing the connectivity. By understanding how the algorithms of the routing protocol operate, and how these can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. This paper takes an abstract look at the algorithms that constitute the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and identifies for each protocol element the possible vulnerabilities and attacks – in a certain way, provides a “cookbook” for how to best attack an operational OLSRv2 network, or for how to proceed with developing protective countermeasures against these attacks.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Comparative Study of RPL-Enabled Optimized Broadcast in Wireless Sensor Networks Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks
@techreport{Clausen2010bbe,
title = {Comparative Study of RPL-Enabled Optimized Broadcast in Wireless Sensor Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-05-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7296},
keywords = {Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, Performance Evaluation, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
Security Issues in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRV2) Journal Article
In: International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA), 2010.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2
@article{LIX-NET-journal-70,
title = {Security Issues in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRV2)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2010-IJNSA-Security-Issues-in-the-Optimized-Link-State-Routing-Protocol-version-2-OLSRv2-1.pdf},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-04-01},
journal = {International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications (IJNSA)},
abstract = {Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are leaving the confines of research laboratories, to find place in real-world deployments. Outside specialized domains (military, vehicular, etc.), city-wide community- networks are emerging, connecting regular Internet users with each other, and with the Internet, via MANETs. Growing to encompass more than a handful of “trusted participants”, the question of preserving the MANET network connectivity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants, arises, and must be addressed.
A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol, managing the connectivity. By understanding how the algorithms of the routing protocol operate, and how these can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use.
This paper takes an abstract look at the algorithms that constitute the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and identifies for each protocol element the possible vulnerabilities and attacks – in a certain way, provides a “cookbook” for how to best attack an operational OLSRv2 network, or for how to proceed with developing protective countermeasures against these attacks.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are leaving the confines of research laboratories, to find place in real-world deployments. Outside specialized domains (military, vehicular, etc.), city-wide community- networks are emerging, connecting regular Internet users with each other, and with the Internet, via MANETs. Growing to encompass more than a handful of “trusted participants”, the question of preserving the MANET network connectivity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants, arises, and must be addressed.
A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol, managing the connectivity. By understanding how the algorithms of the routing protocol operate, and how these can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use.
This paper takes an abstract look at the algorithms that constitute the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and identifies for each protocol element the possible vulnerabilities and attacks – in a certain way, provides a “cookbook” for how to best attack an operational OLSRv2 network, or for how to proceed with developing protective countermeasures against these attacks.
A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol, managing the connectivity. By understanding how the algorithms of the routing protocol operate, and how these can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use.
This paper takes an abstract look at the algorithms that constitute the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and identifies for each protocol element the possible vulnerabilities and attacks – in a certain way, provides a “cookbook” for how to best attack an operational OLSRv2 network, or for how to proceed with developing protective countermeasures against these attacks.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast in RPL Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, RPL, Sensor Networks
@techreport{Clausen2010bbf,
title = {Multipoint-to-Point and Broadcast in RPL},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-04-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7244},
keywords = {Broadcast, Constrained Networks, LLN, Multicast, RPL, Sensor Networks},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Router and Link Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2
@techreport{Clausen2010bbg,
title = {Router and Link Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-04-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7248},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Vulnerability Analysis of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2
@techreport{Clausen2010bbh,
title = {Vulnerability Analysis of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-02-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7203},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Jerome Milan
Digital Signatures for Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2
@techreport{Clausen2010bbi,
title = {Digital Signatures for Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jerome Milan},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-02-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7216},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Security Issues in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2)) Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2
@techreport{Clausen2010bbj,
title = {Security Issues in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2))},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-02-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report 7218},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security, OLSRv2},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Ulrich Herberg; Nestor Mariyasagayam; Thomas Clausen
Comparison of NHDP and MHVB for Neighbor Discovery in Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks Technical Report
2010.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, NHDP, Performance Evaluation
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-25,
title = {Comparison of NHDP and MHVB for Neighbor Discovery in Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Nestor Mariyasagayam and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-7173},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, NHDP, Performance Evaluation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
2009
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Charles E. Perkins
IP Links in Multihop Ad Hoc Wireless Networks? Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of SoftCom, 2009.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Cross-Layer Design
@inproceedings{Clausen2009,
title = {IP Links in Multihop Ad Hoc Wireless Networks?},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Charles E. Perkins},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2009-SOFTCOM-IP-Links-in-Multihop-Ad-Hoc-Wireless-Networks.pdf},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-09-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of SoftCom},
abstract = {A number of efforts currently aim at scalable and efficient mobile ad hoc routing, an essential piece concerning the integration of such networks in the Internet. However, there is another independent and important issue, namely, how can existing Internet networks and ad hoc networks co- exist coherently within the same protocol architecture. A fundamental concept in the IP protocol suite is that of a link. The link concept has so far been key to the scalability of IP networking. This paper identifies and discusses issues regarding the formalisation of a similar concept in the multi- hop ad hoc networking context – one of the first steps that must be taken in the near future, in order to be able to accomodate ad hoc networks in the Internet.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Cross-Layer Design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A number of efforts currently aim at scalable and efficient mobile ad hoc routing, an essential piece concerning the integration of such networks in the Internet. However, there is another independent and important issue, namely, how can existing Internet networks and ad hoc networks co- exist coherently within the same protocol architecture. A fundamental concept in the IP protocol suite is that of a link. The link concept has so far been key to the scalability of IP networking. This paper identifies and discusses issues regarding the formalisation of a similar concept in the multi- hop ad hoc networking context – one of the first steps that must be taken in the near future, in order to be able to accomodate ad hoc networks in the Internet.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet
The Internet Engineering Task Force and the Future of the Internet Book Section
In: ERCIM News, no. 77, pp. 20-21, European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, 2009.
@incollection{Clausen2009b,
title = {The Internet Engineering Task Force and the Future of the Internet},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-04-21},
booktitle = {ERCIM News},
journal = {European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, ERCIM News issue n°77, p. 20-21},
number = {77},
pages = {20-21},
publisher = {European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics},
keywords = {IETF},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove
RFC5497: Representing Multi-Value Time in MANETs Miscellaneous
2009, (http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5497.txt).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2009c,
title = {RFC5497: Representing Multi-Value Time in MANETs},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc5497.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC5497},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-03-01},
publisher = {IETF - Std. Track RFC},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document describes a general and flexible TLV (type-length-value structure) for representing time-values, such as an interval or a duration, using the generalized Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) packet/ message format. It defines two Message TLVs and two Address Block TLVs for representing validity and interval times for MANET routing protocols.},
note = {http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5497.txt},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document describes a general and flexible TLV (type-length-value structure) for representing time-values, such as an interval or a duration, using the generalized Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) packet/ message format. It defines two Message TLVs and two Address Block TLVs for representing validity and interval times for MANET routing protocols.
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove; Justin Dean; Cedric Adjih
RFC5444 - Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format Miscellaneous
2009, (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5444.txt).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2009d,
title = {RFC5444 - Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove and Justin Dean and Cedric Adjih},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc5444.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC5444},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-02-01},
publisher = {IETF - Std. Track RFC},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document specifies a packet format capable of carrying multiple messages that may be used by mobile ad hoc network routing protocols.},
note = {http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5444.txt},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document specifies a packet format capable of carrying multiple messages that may be used by mobile ad hoc network routing protocols.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet; Dang Nguyen
RFC5449 - OSPF Multipoint Relay (MPR) Extension for Ad Hoc Networks Miscellaneous
2009, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5449).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OSPF, RFC, Standard
@misc{Baccelli2009,
title = {RFC5449 - OSPF Multipoint Relay (MPR) Extension for Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet and Dang Nguyen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc5449.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC5449},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-02-01},
publisher = {IETF - Exp. RFC},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document specifies an OSPFv3 interface type tailored for mobile ad hoc networks. This interface type is derived from the broadcast interface type, and is denoted the "OSPFv3 MANET interface type". This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5449},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OSPF, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document specifies an OSPFv3 interface type tailored for mobile ad hoc networks. This interface type is derived from the broadcast interface type, and is denoted the "OSPFv3 MANET interface type". This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.
Thomas Clausen
MANET Router Configuration Recommendations Technical Report
2009.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH
@techreport{Clausen2009bb,
title = {MANET Router Configuration Recommendations},
author = {Thomas Clausen},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-02-01},
publisher = {Inria Research Report RR-6852},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
2008
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove; Brian Adamson
RFC5148: Jitter Considerations in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Miscellaneous
2008, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5148).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2008,
title = {RFC5148: Jitter Considerations in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove and Brian Adamson},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc5148.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC5148},
year = {2008},
date = {2008-02-01},
publisher = {RFC},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document provides recommendations for jittering (randomly modifying timing) of control traffic transmissions in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) routing protocols to reduce the probability of transmission collisions,},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5148},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document provides recommendations for jittering (randomly modifying timing) of control traffic transmissions in Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) routing protocols to reduce the probability of transmission collisions,
2007
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
AUTOCONF - Stating the Problem Technical Report
2007.
BibTeX | Tags:
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-17,
title = {AUTOCONF - Stating the Problem},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-11-01},
publisher = {Inria Research Report RR-6376},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet; Dang Nguyen
Integrating VANETs in the Internet Core with OSPF: the MPR-OSPF Approach Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST), Sophia Antipolis, France, June 2007, 2007.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: OSPF, VANET, Vehicular Networking
@inproceedings{Clausen2007,
title = {Integrating VANETs in the Internet Core with OSPF: the MPR-OSPF Approach},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet and Dang Nguyen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2007-ITST-Integrating-VANETs-in-the-Internet-Core-with-OSPF-the-MPR-OSPF-Approach.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ITST.2007.4295864},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-06-01},
publisher = {International Conference on ITS Telecommunications (ITST), Sophia Antipolis, France, June 2007},
abstract = {Solutions for mobile ad hoc routing have matured over the last decade. Building atop these foundations, new challenges are set for MANETs, such as integration in the Internet core. On this topic, this paper designs and evaluates MPR-OSPF, an extension of the OSPF protocol enabling its operation on networks that may include both MANET nodes and usual fixed routers. Automatic integration of different types of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in the IP infrastructure is then possible using the classic OSPF framework. Techniques used therefore are derived from OLSR, the MANET routing protocol that is the most compatible with traditional IP environments.},
keywords = {OSPF, VANET, Vehicular Networking},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Solutions for mobile ad hoc routing have matured over the last decade. Building atop these foundations, new challenges are set for MANETs, such as integration in the Internet core. On this topic, this paper designs and evaluates MPR-OSPF, an extension of the OSPF protocol enabling its operation on networks that may include both MANET nodes and usual fixed routers. Automatic integration of different types of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in the IP infrastructure is then possible using the classic OSPF framework. Techniques used therefore are derived from OLSR, the MANET routing protocol that is the most compatible with traditional IP environments.
Thomas Clausen
A MANET Architectural Model Technical Report
2007.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-3,
title = {A MANET Architectural Model},
author = {Thomas Clausen},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-6145},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
2005
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Julien Garnier
Duplicate Address Detection in OLSR Networks Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Conference on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), Aalborg, Denmark, Sept. 2005, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH, OLSR
@inproceedings{Clausen2005,
title = {Duplicate Address Detection in OLSR Networks},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Julien Garnier},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2005-WPMC-Duplicate-Address-Detection-in-OLSR-Networks.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-09-01},
publisher = {IEEE Conference on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), Aalborg, Denmark, Sept. 2005},
abstract = {Commonly, duplicate address detection is performed when configuring network interfaces in order to ensure that unique addresses are assigned to each interface in the network. Such mechanisms commonly operate with the premises that a node ”intelligently” selects an address which it supposes to be unique, followed by a duplicate ad- dress detection cycle, through which it verifies that no other active interfaces on the same network has been or is in the process of being configured with the same address. Even as- suming that such a mechanism is present in a MANET, al- lowing MANET nodes to initially configure their interfaces with addresses unique within the network, additional com- plications arise: two or more MANETs may merge to form a single network, and a formerly connected MANET may partition. Thus, unless it is ensured that all MANET in- terfaces are assigned globally unique addresses, addressing conflicts may at any point – not just during initial network configuration.
In this paper, we investigate the task of performing dupli- cate address detection when otherwise independent OLSR networks merge. We benefit from the information already exchanged by OLSR, and identify a number of mechanisms through which a node may detect a conflict between the ad- dress assigned to one of its interfaces, and an address as- signed to an interface on another node. The mechanisms proposed are, thus, entirely passive, creating no additional information exchange on the network.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH, OLSR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Commonly, duplicate address detection is performed when configuring network interfaces in order to ensure that unique addresses are assigned to each interface in the network. Such mechanisms commonly operate with the premises that a node ”intelligently” selects an address which it supposes to be unique, followed by a duplicate ad- dress detection cycle, through which it verifies that no other active interfaces on the same network has been or is in the process of being configured with the same address. Even as- suming that such a mechanism is present in a MANET, al- lowing MANET nodes to initially configure their interfaces with addresses unique within the network, additional com- plications arise: two or more MANETs may merge to form a single network, and a formerly connected MANET may partition. Thus, unless it is ensured that all MANET in- terfaces are assigned globally unique addresses, addressing conflicts may at any point – not just during initial network configuration.
In this paper, we investigate the task of performing dupli- cate address detection when otherwise independent OLSR networks merge. We benefit from the information already exchanged by OLSR, and identify a number of mechanisms through which a node may detect a conflict between the ad- dress assigned to one of its interfaces, and an address as- signed to an interface on another node. The mechanisms proposed are, thus, entirely passive, creating no additional information exchange on the network.
In this paper, we investigate the task of performing dupli- cate address detection when otherwise independent OLSR networks merge. We benefit from the information already exchanged by OLSR, and identify a number of mechanisms through which a node may detect a conflict between the ad- dress assigned to one of its interfaces, and an address as- signed to an interface on another node. The mechanisms proposed are, thus, entirely passive, creating no additional information exchange on the network.
Thomas Clausen; Emmanuel Baccelli; Philippe Jacquet
Partial Topology in an MPR-based Solution for Wireless OSPF on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Technical Report
2005.
BibTeX | Tags: MESH, MPR, OSPF
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-4,
title = {Partial Topology in an MPR-based Solution for Wireless OSPF on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Emmanuel Baccelli and Philippe Jacquet},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-07-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-5619},
keywords = {MESH, MPR, OSPF},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen; Cedric Adjih; Emmanuel Baccelli; Philippe Jacquet
On the robustness and stability of Connected Dominating Sets Technical Report
2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, CDS, MANET, MPR
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-5,
title = {On the robustness and stability of Connected Dominating Sets},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Cedric Adjih and Emmanuel Baccelli and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/RR-5609.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-06-01},
urldate = {2005-06-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-5609},
abstract = {We investigate in this paper the effect of mobility, collisions and obsolete informations on the performance of connected dominating set (CDS). In particular we show that neighbor-designated CDS such as multipoint relay (MPR) are in general more robust than self-selected CDS such as rule 𝑘 CDS. This is particularly crucial in application such as wireless OSPF where third party topology informations may take arbitrary delay.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, CDS, MANET, MPR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
We investigate in this paper the effect of mobility, collisions and obsolete informations on the performance of connected dominating set (CDS). In particular we show that neighbor-designated CDS such as multipoint relay (MPR) are in general more robust than self-selected CDS such as rule 𝑘 CDS. This is particularly crucial in application such as wireless OSPF where third party topology informations may take arbitrary delay.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen
A Simple Address Autoconfiguration Mechanism for OLSR Proceedings Article
In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Kobe, Japan, May 2005, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH, OLSR
@inproceedings{Clausen2005b,
title = {A Simple Address Autoconfiguration Mechanism for OLSR},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2005-ISCAS-A-Simple-Address-Autoconfiguration-Mechanism-for-OLSR.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ISCAS.2005.1465251},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-05-01},
publisher = {IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Kobe, Japan, May 2005},
abstract = {In this paper, we develop a simple autoconfiguration mechanism for OLSR networks. The mechanism aims at solving the simple, but common, probem of one or more new nodes emerging in an ex- isting network. We propose a simple solution, which allows these new nodes to acquire an address and participate in the network. Our method is simple, both algorithmically and in the require- ments to the network. While we recognize that this is a partial so- lution to the general autoconfiguration problem, we argue that the mechanism described in this paper will satisfy the requirements from a great number of real-world situations.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, Autoconfiguration, MANET, MESH, OLSR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we develop a simple autoconfiguration mechanism for OLSR networks. The mechanism aims at solving the simple, but common, probem of one or more new nodes emerging in an ex- isting network. We propose a simple solution, which allows these new nodes to acquire an address and participate in the network. Our method is simple, both algorithmically and in the require- ments to the network. While we recognize that this is a partial so- lution to the general autoconfiguration problem, we argue that the mechanism described in this paper will satisfy the requirements from a great number of real-world situations.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Ryuji Wakikawa
Route Optimization in Nested Mobile Networks (NEMO) using OLSR Proceedings Article
In: International Conference on Networks and Communication Systems (NCS), Krabi, Thailand, April 2005, 2005.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: NEMO, OLSR
@inproceedings{Clausen2005c,
title = {Route Optimization in Nested Mobile Networks (NEMO) using OLSR},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Ryuji Wakikawa},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2005-NCS-Route-Optimization-in-Nested-Mobile-Networks-NEMO-using-OLSR.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-04-01},
publisher = {International Conference on Networks and Communication Systems (NCS), Krabi, Thailand, April 2005},
abstract = {Internet edge mobility has been possible for a number of years: mobile IP[8], allows a host to change its point of at- tachment to the Internet and NEMO [6] allows the same functionality for a group of hosts along with a mobile router. The virtue of NEMO and mobile IP is transparency: a host remains identifiable through the same IP address, and traffic sent to that IP address will be tunneled to arrive at the intended node.
NEMO allows “nested networks”: a mobile network which attaches to another mobile network to arbitrary depth. However for each level of nesting, traffic is encap- sulated and tunneled to reach the destination. This leads to increased overhead (encapsulation) and to sub-optimal paths (tunneling without consideration for the actual net- work topology).
In this paper, we investigate route-optimization in nested NEMO networks. We employ an ad-hoc routing protocol between mobile routers to ensure shortest routes when both source and destination for traffic is within the nested NEMO network. The mechanism also simplifies the requirements for route optimization when the source node is located outside of the nested NEMO network.},
keywords = {NEMO, OLSR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Internet edge mobility has been possible for a number of years: mobile IP[8], allows a host to change its point of at- tachment to the Internet and NEMO [6] allows the same functionality for a group of hosts along with a mobile router. The virtue of NEMO and mobile IP is transparency: a host remains identifiable through the same IP address, and traffic sent to that IP address will be tunneled to arrive at the intended node.
NEMO allows “nested networks”: a mobile network which attaches to another mobile network to arbitrary depth. However for each level of nesting, traffic is encap- sulated and tunneled to reach the destination. This leads to increased overhead (encapsulation) and to sub-optimal paths (tunneling without consideration for the actual net- work topology).
In this paper, we investigate route-optimization in nested NEMO networks. We employ an ad-hoc routing protocol between mobile routers to ensure shortest routes when both source and destination for traffic is within the nested NEMO network. The mechanism also simplifies the requirements for route optimization when the source node is located outside of the nested NEMO network.
NEMO allows “nested networks”: a mobile network which attaches to another mobile network to arbitrary depth. However for each level of nesting, traffic is encap- sulated and tunneled to reach the destination. This leads to increased overhead (encapsulation) and to sub-optimal paths (tunneling without consideration for the actual net- work topology).
In this paper, we investigate route-optimization in nested NEMO networks. We employ an ad-hoc routing protocol between mobile routers to ensure shortest routes when both source and destination for traffic is within the nested NEMO network. The mechanism also simplifies the requirements for route optimization when the source node is located outside of the nested NEMO network.
Thomas Clausen; Anis Laouiti; Paul Muhlethaler; Daniel Raffo; Cedric Adjih
Securing the OLSR routing protocol with or without compromised nodes in the network Technical Report
2005.
Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security
@techreport{LIX-NET-RR-6,
title = {Securing the OLSR routing protocol with or without compromised nodes in the network},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Anis Laouiti and Paul Muhlethaler and Daniel Raffo and Cedric Adjih},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/RR-5494.pdf},
year = {2005},
date = {2005-02-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-5621},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR, OLSR Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
2004
Thomas Clausen; Emmanuel Baccelli; Georgios Rodolakis; Cedric Adjih; Philippe Jacquet
Fish-Eye OLSR Scaling Properties Journal Article
In: IEEE Journal on Communications Networks (JCN), Special Issue on Ad Hoc Networking, Dec 2004, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH
@article{LIX-NET-journal-2,
title = {Fish-Eye OLSR Scaling Properties},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Emmanuel Baccelli and Georgios Rodolakis and Cedric Adjih and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2004-JCN-Fish-Eye-OLSR-Scaling-Properties.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-12-01},
journal = {IEEE Journal on Communications Networks (JCN), Special Issue on Ad Hoc Networking, Dec 2004},
abstract = {Scalability is one of the toughest challenges in ad hoc networking. Recent work outlines theoretical bounds on how well routing protocols could scale in this environment. However, none of the popular routing solutions really scales to large networks, by coming close enough to these bounds. In this paper, we study the case of link state routing and OLSR, one of the strongest candidate for standardization. We analyze how these bounds are not reached in this case, and we study how much the scalability is enhanced with the use of Fish Eye techniques in addition to the link state routing framework. We show that with this enhancement, the theoretical scalability bounds are reached.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Scalability is one of the toughest challenges in ad hoc networking. Recent work outlines theoretical bounds on how well routing protocols could scale in this environment. However, none of the popular routing solutions really scales to large networks, by coming close enough to these bounds. In this paper, we study the case of link state routing and OLSR, one of the strongest candidate for standardization. We analyze how these bounds are not reached in this case, and we study how much the scalability is enhanced with the use of Fish Eye techniques in addition to the link state routing framework. We show that with this enhancement, the theoretical scalability bounds are reached.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet
OSPF-style Database Exchange and Reliable Synchronization in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Proceedings Article
In: IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), San Jose, USA, Oct. 2004, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OSPF
@inproceedings{Clausen2004b,
title = {OSPF-style Database Exchange and Reliable Synchronization in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2004-IEEE-SECON-OSPF-style-Database-Exchange-and-Reliable-Synchronization-in-the-Optimized-Link-State-Routing-Protocol.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/SAHCN.2004.1381921},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-10-01},
publisher = {IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON), San Jose, USA, Oct. 2004},
abstract = {The Optimized Link-State Routing protocol (OLSR) is a proactive link-state routing protocol. While similar to the well-known Internet routing protocol OSPF, OLSR is designed to be simple, and to maintain connec- tivity in face of highly dense and dynamic networks, while being ressource-economic (battery, bandwidth etc.) These characteristics make OLSR suitable as an underlaying routing protocol in a wide range of ad-hoc sensor networks.
In this paper, we introduce an extension to OLSR: OSPF-style database exchange and reliable synchroniza- tion. The goal of this extension is to provide a mechanism, through which nodes in an ad-hoc sensor network can de- tect and correct discrepancies in their link-state databases. We qualify why the mechanism, found in OSPF, is not directly applicable for ad-hoc sensor networks, describe an adopted mechanism, accomplishing the same goal, and evaluate the performance of this mechanism in comparison to the database exchange mechanism found in OSPF. We finally discuss some applications of database exchange and reliable synchronization in ad-hoc sensor networks.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OSPF},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The Optimized Link-State Routing protocol (OLSR) is a proactive link-state routing protocol. While similar to the well-known Internet routing protocol OSPF, OLSR is designed to be simple, and to maintain connec- tivity in face of highly dense and dynamic networks, while being ressource-economic (battery, bandwidth etc.) These characteristics make OLSR suitable as an underlaying routing protocol in a wide range of ad-hoc sensor networks.
In this paper, we introduce an extension to OLSR: OSPF-style database exchange and reliable synchroniza- tion. The goal of this extension is to provide a mechanism, through which nodes in an ad-hoc sensor network can de- tect and correct discrepancies in their link-state databases. We qualify why the mechanism, found in OSPF, is not directly applicable for ad-hoc sensor networks, describe an adopted mechanism, accomplishing the same goal, and evaluate the performance of this mechanism in comparison to the database exchange mechanism found in OSPF. We finally discuss some applications of database exchange and reliable synchronization in ad-hoc sensor networks.
In this paper, we introduce an extension to OLSR: OSPF-style database exchange and reliable synchroniza- tion. The goal of this extension is to provide a mechanism, through which nodes in an ad-hoc sensor network can de- tect and correct discrepancies in their link-state databases. We qualify why the mechanism, found in OSPF, is not directly applicable for ad-hoc sensor networks, describe an adopted mechanism, accomplishing the same goal, and evaluate the performance of this mechanism in comparison to the database exchange mechanism found in OSPF. We finally discuss some applications of database exchange and reliable synchronization in ad-hoc sensor networks.
Emmanuel Baccelli; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet
Ad-hoc and Internet Convergence: Adapting OSPF-style Database Exchanges for Ad-hoc Networks, Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HET-NETs), London, UK., Proceedings of the Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HET-NETs), London, UK., 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OSPF
@inproceedings{Clausen2004,
title = {Ad-hoc and Internet Convergence: Adapting OSPF-style Database Exchanges for Ad-hoc Networks,},
author = {Emmanuel Baccelli and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2004-HetNets-Ad-hoc-and-Internet-Convergence-Adapting-OSPF-style-Database-Exchanges-for-Ad-hoc-Networks.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HET-NETs), London, UK.},
publisher = {Proceedings of the Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HET-NETs), London, UK.},
abstract = {The OSPF routing protocol is, currently, the predominant IGP in use on the fixed Internet of today. This routing protocol scales (in principle) ”world wide”, under the assumptions of links being relatively stable, network density being low (relatively few adjacencies per router) and mobility being present at the edges of the networks only. Recently, work has begun towards extending the domain of OSPF to also include ad-hoc networks – i.e. dense networks, in which links are short-lived and all nodes are mobile.
In this paper, we focus on the convergence of the Internet and ad-hoc networks, through extensions to the OSPF routing protocol. Based on WOSPF, a merger of the ad- hoc routing protocol OLSR and OSPF, we examine the feature of OSPF database exchange and reliable synchro- nisation in the context of ad-hoc networking. We find that the mechanisms, in the form present in OSPF, are not suitable for the ad-hoc domain. We propose an alternative mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wireless ad-hoc networks, aiming at furthering an adaptation of OSPF to be useful also on ad-hoc networks, and evaluate our alternative against the mechanism found in OSPF.
Our proposed mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind: (i) Reliable diffusion of link-state information replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism suitable for mobile wireless networks; (ii) Reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network; (iii) Reduced initialisation time when new nodes are emerging in the network; (iv) Reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when several wireless OSPF ad hoc network clouds merge.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OSPF},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The OSPF routing protocol is, currently, the predominant IGP in use on the fixed Internet of today. This routing protocol scales (in principle) ”world wide”, under the assumptions of links being relatively stable, network density being low (relatively few adjacencies per router) and mobility being present at the edges of the networks only. Recently, work has begun towards extending the domain of OSPF to also include ad-hoc networks – i.e. dense networks, in which links are short-lived and all nodes are mobile.
In this paper, we focus on the convergence of the Internet and ad-hoc networks, through extensions to the OSPF routing protocol. Based on WOSPF, a merger of the ad- hoc routing protocol OLSR and OSPF, we examine the feature of OSPF database exchange and reliable synchro- nisation in the context of ad-hoc networking. We find that the mechanisms, in the form present in OSPF, are not suitable for the ad-hoc domain. We propose an alternative mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wireless ad-hoc networks, aiming at furthering an adaptation of OSPF to be useful also on ad-hoc networks, and evaluate our alternative against the mechanism found in OSPF.
Our proposed mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind: (i) Reliable diffusion of link-state information replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism suitable for mobile wireless networks; (ii) Reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network; (iii) Reduced initialisation time when new nodes are emerging in the network; (iv) Reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when several wireless OSPF ad hoc network clouds merge.
In this paper, we focus on the convergence of the Internet and ad-hoc networks, through extensions to the OSPF routing protocol. Based on WOSPF, a merger of the ad- hoc routing protocol OLSR and OSPF, we examine the feature of OSPF database exchange and reliable synchro- nisation in the context of ad-hoc networking. We find that the mechanisms, in the form present in OSPF, are not suitable for the ad-hoc domain. We propose an alternative mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wireless ad-hoc networks, aiming at furthering an adaptation of OSPF to be useful also on ad-hoc networks, and evaluate our alternative against the mechanism found in OSPF.
Our proposed mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind: (i) Reliable diffusion of link-state information replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism suitable for mobile wireless networks; (ii) Reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network; (iii) Reduced initialisation time when new nodes are emerging in the network; (iv) Reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when several wireless OSPF ad hoc network clouds merge.
Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet; Laurent Viennot
Analyzing Control Traffic Overhead versus Mobility and Data Traffic Activity in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Protocols Journal Article
In: ACM Journal on Wireless Networks (Winet) July 2004, volume 10 no. 4, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH
@article{Clausen2004c,
title = {Analyzing Control Traffic Overhead versus Mobility and Data Traffic Activity in Mobile Ad Hoc Network Protocols},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet and Laurent Viennot},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2004-ACM-WINET-Analyzing-Control-Traffic-Overhead-versus-Mobility-and-Data-Traffic-Activity-in-Mobile-Ad-hoc-Network-Protoc.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-07-01},
journal = {ACM Journal on Wireless Networks (Winet) July 2004, volume 10 no. 4},
abstract = {This paper proposes a general, parameterized model for analyzing protocol control overhead in mobile ad-hoc networks. A probabilistic model for the network topology and the data traffic is proposed in order to estimate overhead due to control packets of routing protocols. Our analytical model is validated by comparisons with simulations, both taken from literature and made specifically for this paper. For example, our model predicts linearity of control overhead with regard to mobility as observed in existing simulations results. We identify the model parameters for protocols like AODV, DSR and OLSR. Our model then allows accurate predictions of which protocol will yield the lowest overhead depending on the node mobility and traffic activity pattern.},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper proposes a general, parameterized model for analyzing protocol control overhead in mobile ad-hoc networks. A probabilistic model for the network topology and the data traffic is proposed in order to estimate overhead due to control packets of routing protocols. Our analytical model is validated by comparisons with simulations, both taken from literature and made specifically for this paper. For example, our model predicts linearity of control overhead with regard to mobility as observed in existing simulations results. We identify the model parameters for protocols like AODV, DSR and OLSR. Our model then allows accurate predictions of which protocol will yield the lowest overhead depending on the node mobility and traffic activity pattern.
Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet; Emmanuel Baccelli
OSPF-style Database Exchange and Reliable Synchronization in the OLSR Technical Report
2004.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH
@techreport{Clausen2004bb,
title = {OSPF-style Database Exchange and Reliable Synchronization in the OLSR},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet and Emmanuel Baccelli},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-06-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-5283},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Thomas Clausen
Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc networks Proceedings Article
In: INRIA Research Report RR-5135, 2004.
BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR
@inproceedings{Clausen2004bbb,
title = {Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-03-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-5135},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OLSR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Thomas Clausen; Emmanuel Baccelli; Philippe Jacquet
Signature and Database Exchange for Wireless OSPF Interfaces Technical Report
2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OSPF
@techreport{Clausen2004bbc,
title = {Signature and Database Exchange for Wireless OSPF Interfaces},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Emmanuel Baccelli and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/RR-5096.pdf},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
urldate = {2004-01-01},
publisher = {INRIA Research Report RR-5096},
abstract = {In this paper, we specify a mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wire- less ad-hoc networks. The mechanism is taylored for ad-hoc networks employing the wireless OSPF interface extension specification, however is suitable for any proactive link-state routing protocol. The database exchange mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind:
(I) reliable diffusion of link-state information, replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism, suitable for mobile wireless networks;
(II) reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network;
(III) reduced initialization time when new node(s) are emerging in the network;
(IV) reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when two (or more) WOSPF adhoc network clouds merge},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, MANET, MESH, OSPF},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
In this paper, we specify a mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wire- less ad-hoc networks. The mechanism is taylored for ad-hoc networks employing the wireless OSPF interface extension specification, however is suitable for any proactive link-state routing protocol. The database exchange mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind:
(I) reliable diffusion of link-state information, replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism, suitable for mobile wireless networks;
(II) reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network;
(III) reduced initialization time when new node(s) are emerging in the network;
(IV) reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when two (or more) WOSPF adhoc network clouds merge
(I) reliable diffusion of link-state information, replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism, suitable for mobile wireless networks;
(II) reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network;
(III) reduced initialization time when new node(s) are emerging in the network;
(IV) reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when two (or more) WOSPF adhoc network clouds merge
Daniele Raffo; Cédric Adjih; Thomas Clausen; Paul Mühlethaler
An advanced signature system for OLSR Proceedings Article
In: workshop on security of ad hoc and sensor networks, pp. 10–16, 2004.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: OLSR, OLSR Security, Security
@inproceedings{Clausen2004d,
title = {An advanced signature system for OLSR},
author = {Daniele Raffo and Cédric Adjih and Thomas Clausen and Paul Mühlethaler},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2003-SASN-An-advanced-signature-system-for-OLSR..pdf},
doi = {10.1145/1029102.1029106},
year = {2004},
date = {2004-01-01},
booktitle = {workshop on security of ad hoc and sensor networks},
pages = {10–16},
abstract = {In this paper we investigate security issues related to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol – one example of a proactive routing protocol for MANETs. We inventory the possible attacks against the integrity of the OLSR network routing infrastructure, and present a technique for securing the network. In particular, assuming that a mechanism for routing message authentication (digital signatures) has been deployed, we concentrate on the problem where otherwise "trusted" nodes have been compromised by attackers, which could then inject false (however correctly signed) routing messages. Our main approach is based on authentication checks of information injected into the network, and reuse of this information by a node to prove its link state at a later time. We finally synthetize the overhead and the remaining vulnerabilities of the proposed solution.},
keywords = {OLSR, OLSR Security, Security},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper we investigate security issues related to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol – one example of a proactive routing protocol for MANETs. We inventory the possible attacks against the integrity of the OLSR network routing infrastructure, and present a technique for securing the network. In particular, assuming that a mechanism for routing message authentication (digital signatures) has been deployed, we concentrate on the problem where otherwise "trusted" nodes have been compromised by attackers, which could then inject false (however correctly signed) routing messages. Our main approach is based on authentication checks of information injected into the network, and reuse of this information by a node to prove its link state at a later time. We finally synthetize the overhead and the remaining vulnerabilities of the proposed solution.
2003
Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet
RFC3626: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Miscellaneous
2003, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3626).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, RFC, Standard
@misc{Clausen2003,
title = {RFC3626: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc3626.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC3626},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-10-01},
publisher = {The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - MANET Working Group},
organization = {The Internet Engineering Task Force},
abstract = {This document describes the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol is an optimization of the classical link state algorithm tailored to the requirements of a mobile wireless LAN. The key concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes which forward broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a classical flooding mechanism, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state information is generated only by nodes elected as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is achieved by minimizing the number of control messages flooded in the network. As a third optimization, an MPR node may chose to report only links between itself and its MPR selectors. Hence, as contrary to the classic link state algorithm, partial link state information is distributed in the network. This information is then used for route calculation. OLSR provides optimal routes (in terms of number of hops). The protocol is particularly suitable for large and dense networks as the technique of MPRs works well in this context.},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3626},
keywords = {Ad-Hoc, IETF, MANET, MESH, OLSR, RFC, Standard},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document describes the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol is an optimization of the classical link state algorithm tailored to the requirements of a mobile wireless LAN. The key concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes which forward broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a classical flooding mechanism, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state information is generated only by nodes elected as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is achieved by minimizing the number of control messages flooded in the network. As a third optimization, an MPR node may chose to report only links between itself and its MPR selectors. Hence, as contrary to the classic link state algorithm, partial link state information is distributed in the network. This information is then used for route calculation. OLSR provides optimal routes (in terms of number of hops). The protocol is particularly suitable for large and dense networks as the technique of MPRs works well in this context.
Thomas Clausen
Combining Temporal and Spartial Partial Topolgy for MANET Routing - Merging OLSR and FSR Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC), 2003.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: FSR, MANET, OLSR, Scalability
@inproceedings{Clausen2003b,
title = {Combining Temporal and Spartial Partial Topolgy for MANET Routing - Merging OLSR and FSR},
author = {Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2003-WPMC-Combining-Temporal-and-Spartial-Partial-Topolgy-for-MANET-Routing-Merging-OLSR-and-FSR.pdf},
year = {2003},
date = {2003-10-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC)},
abstract = {In this paper, we propose an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive link-state routing protocol optimized for mobile ad-hoc networks, in-troducing temporal partial topology as a mechanism for re-ducing control traffic overhead. The extension is inspired from Fisheye State Routing (FSR), and complements the spatial partial topology of OLSR in extending scalability of manet routing protocols to large, dense networks. Through simulations, the paper justifies that through in-troducing temporal partial topology information in OLSR, the control traffic overhead in some manet configurations can be reduced.},
keywords = {FSR, MANET, OLSR, Scalability},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this paper, we propose an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive link-state routing protocol optimized for mobile ad-hoc networks, in-troducing temporal partial topology as a mechanism for re-ducing control traffic overhead. The extension is inspired from Fisheye State Routing (FSR), and complements the spatial partial topology of OLSR in extending scalability of manet routing protocols to large, dense networks. Through simulations, the paper justifies that through in-troducing temporal partial topology information in OLSR, the control traffic overhead in some manet configurations can be reduced.