2023
Alexandre Poirrier; Laurent Cailleux; Thomas Clausen
An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems Proceedings
2023.
@proceedings{Poirrier2023,
title = {An Interoperable Zero Trust Federated Architecture for Tactical Systems},
author = {Alexandre Poirrier and Laurent Cailleux and Thomas Clausen},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-11-03},
abstract = {Military and tactical systems are heterogenous, encompassing devices with low computing power and network capacity. Such networks can be secured by following the zero trust paradigm: every access request to resources is verified, without relying on inherent trust between the requestor and the resource. However, operational needs can require different domains, such as different nations in a coalition, to federate, to enable that resources are shared between domains. This contradicts the principle of zero trust, as information on the requestor cannot be verified by the domain offering the resource, and therefore access inherently relies on trust between domains.
This paper explores a solution for federating tactical network architectures, while following the prin- ciple of zero trust. In particular, due to the power constraints on devices composing tactical architectures, the presented solution does not require invasive software to be installed in requestor devices.},
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Military and tactical systems are heterogenous, encompassing devices with low computing power and network capacity. Such networks can be secured by following the zero trust paradigm: every access request to resources is verified, without relying on inherent trust between the requestor and the resource. However, operational needs can require different domains, such as different nations in a coalition, to federate, to enable that resources are shared between domains. This contradicts the principle of zero trust, as information on the requestor cannot be verified by the domain offering the resource, and therefore access inherently relies on trust between domains.
This paper explores a solution for federating tactical network architectures, while following the prin- ciple of zero trust. In particular, due to the power constraints on devices composing tactical architectures, the presented solution does not require invasive software to be installed in requestor devices.
This paper explores a solution for federating tactical network architectures, while following the prin- ciple of zero trust. In particular, due to the power constraints on devices composing tactical architectures, the presented solution does not require invasive software to be installed in requestor devices.
Thomas Feltin; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Heide Clausen; Frank Brockners
Understanding Semantics in Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis in Network Telemetry Data Proceedings Article
In: IEEE, (Ed.): Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2023, IEEE, 2023.
@inproceedings{nokeyf,
title = {Understanding Semantics in Feature Selection for Fault Diagnosis in Network Telemetry Data},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Heide Clausen and Frank Brockners},
editor = {IEEE},
url = {https://www.epizeuxis.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/2023009866.pdf},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-05-08},
urldate = {2023-05-08},
booktitle = {Proc. IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium 2023},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {Expert systems for fault diagnosis are computationally expensive to build and maintain, and lack scalability and inherent adaptability to unknown events or modifications in the topology of the monitored system. While data-driven feature se- lection mechanisms can facilitate diagnosis without the hardship of developing and maintaining expert systems, purely data-driven mechanisms lack understanding of semantic importance within a feature set, and would benefit from additional domain knowledge. Part of this additional knowledge can be extracted from meta-data. The proposed approach combines data-driven metrics and semantic information contained in the feature names to produce selections of features which best represent an underlying event. This study extends a cross entropy based optimization method to join semantic importance with data behavior. A benchmarking architecture is introduced to evaluate the benefits of semantic analysis, and demonstrate the performance and robustness of semantic feature selection on different types of faults in network telemetry datasets, modeled with the YANG data modeling language. The results illustrate the interest of such a complementary meta-data analysis for data-driven fault diagnosis, and highlight the robustness of the studied approach against variations in the input feature set.},
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Expert systems for fault diagnosis are computationally expensive to build and maintain, and lack scalability and inherent adaptability to unknown events or modifications in the topology of the monitored system. While data-driven feature se- lection mechanisms can facilitate diagnosis without the hardship of developing and maintaining expert systems, purely data-driven mechanisms lack understanding of semantic importance within a feature set, and would benefit from additional domain knowledge. Part of this additional knowledge can be extracted from meta-data. The proposed approach combines data-driven metrics and semantic information contained in the feature names to produce selections of features which best represent an underlying event. This study extends a cross entropy based optimization method to join semantic importance with data behavior. A benchmarking architecture is introduced to evaluate the benefits of semantic analysis, and demonstrate the performance and robustness of semantic feature selection on different types of faults in network telemetry datasets, modeled with the YANG data modeling language. The results illustrate the interest of such a complementary meta-data analysis for data-driven fault diagnosis, and highlight the robustness of the studied approach against variations in the input feature set.
Thomas Feltin; Léo Marché; Juan Antonio Cordero; Frank Brockners; Thomas Clausen
DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge Journal Article
In: IEEE Access, 2023, ISSN: 2169-3536.
@article{nokeyj,
title = {DNN Partitioning for Inference Throughput Acceleration at the Edge},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Léo Marché and Juan Antonio Cordero and Frank Brockners and Thomas Clausen},
editor = {IEEE},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10042405},
doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3244497},
issn = {2169-3536},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-13},
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abstract = {Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.},
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Deep neural network (DNN) inference on streaming data requires computing resources to satisfy inference throughput requirements. However, latency and privacy sensitive deep learning applications cannot afford to offload computation to remote clouds because of the implied transmission cost and lack of trust in third-party cloud providers. Among solutions to increase performance while keeping computation on a constrained environment, hardware acceleration can be onerous, and model optimization requires extensive design efforts while hindering accuracy. DNN partitioning is a third complementary approach, and consists of distributing the inference workload over several available edge devices, taking into account the edge network properties and the DNN structure, with the objective of maximizing the inference throughput (number of inferences per second). This paper introduces a method to predict inference and transmission latencies for multi-threaded distributed DNN deployments, and defines an optimization process to maximize the inference throughput. A branch and bound solver is then presented and analyzed to quantify the achieved performance and complexity. This analysis has led to the definition of the acceleration region, which describes deterministic conditions on the DNN and network properties under which DNN partitioning is beneficial. Finally, experimental results confirm the simulations and show inference throughput improvements in sample edge deployments.
2022
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2022, ISSN: 1932-4537.
@article{nokeyi,
title = {Aquarius-Enable Fast, Scalable, Data-Driven Service Management in the Cloud},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9852806},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2022.3197130},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2022-12-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.},
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In order to dynamically manage and update networking policies in cloud data centers, Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) use, and therefore actively collect, networking state information -and in the process, incur additional control signaling and management overhead, especially in larger data centers. In the meantime, VNFs in production prefer distributed and straightforward heuristics over advanced learning algorithms to avoid intractable additional processing latency under high-performance and low-latency networking constraints. This paper identifies the challenges of deploying learning algorithms in the context of cloud data centers, and proposes Aquarius to bridge the application of machine learning (ML) techniques on distributed systems and service management. Aquarius passively yet efficiently gathers reliable observations, and enables the use of ML techniques to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information -without incurring additional signaling and management overhead. It offers fine-grained and programmable visibility to distributed VNFs, and enables both open-and close-loop control over networking systems. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an auto-scaling system, and a load balancer -and demonstrates the use of three different ML paradigms -unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for network state inference and service management. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius suitably improves network state visibility and brings notable performance gains for various scenarios with low overhead.
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Efficient Data-Driven Network Functions Proceedings Article
In: 30th International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2022), 2022.
@inproceedings{nokeyg,
title = {Efficient Data-Driven Network Functions},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.11385},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-18},
urldate = {2022-10-18},
booktitle = {30th International Symposium on the Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS 2022)},
abstract = {Cloud environments require dynamic and adaptive networking policies. It is preferred to use heuristics over advanced learning algorithms in Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in production becuase of high-performance constraints. This paper proposes Aquarius to passively yet efficiently gather observations and enable the use of machine learning to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information-without incurring additional signalling and management overhead. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an autoscaling system, and a load balancer-and demonstrates the use of three different machine learning paradigms-unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for inferring network state. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius increases network state visibility and brings notable performance gains with low overhead.},
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Cloud environments require dynamic and adaptive networking policies. It is preferred to use heuristics over advanced learning algorithms in Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) in production becuase of high-performance constraints. This paper proposes Aquarius to passively yet efficiently gather observations and enable the use of machine learning to collect, infer, and supply accurate networking state information-without incurring additional signalling and management overhead. This paper illustrates the use of Aquarius with a traffic classifier, an autoscaling system, and a load balancer-and demonstrates the use of three different machine learning paradigms-unsupervised, supervised, and reinforcement learning, within Aquarius, for inferring network state. Testbed evaluations show that Aquarius increases network state visibility and brings notable performance gains with low overhead.
Zhiyuan Yao; Zihan Ding; Thomas Heide Clausen
Multi-agent reinforcement learning for network load balancing in data center Proceedings Article
In: 31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'22), 2022.
@inproceedings{nokeyh,
title = {Multi-agent reinforcement learning for network load balancing in data center},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Zihan Ding and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhiyuan_Yao13/publication/358163217_Multi-Agent_Reinforcement_Learning_for_Network_Load_Balancing_in_Data_Center/links/62fe5fd3e3c7de4c34666311/Multi-Agent-Reinforcement-Learning-for-Network-Load-Balancing-in-Data-Center.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3511808.3557133},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-17},
urldate = {2022-10-17},
booktitle = {31st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM'22)},
abstract = {This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Conventional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ) are less flexible to the changing workload distributions and arrival rates, with a poor balance among multiple load balancers. The cooperative network load balancing task is formulated as a Dec-POMDP problem, which naturally induces the MARL methods. To bridge the reality gap for applying learning-based methods, all models are directly trained and evaluated on a real-world system from moderate- to large-scale setups. Experimental evaluations show that the independent and “selfish” load balancing strategies are not necessarily the globally optimal ones, while the proposed MARL solution has a superior performance over different realistic settings. Additionally, the potential difficulties of the application and deployment of MARL methods for network load balancing are analysed, which helps draw the attention of the learning and network communities to such challenges.},
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This paper presents the network load balancing problem, a challenging real-world task for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) methods. Conventional heuristic solutions like Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) and Local Shortest Queue (LSQ) are less flexible to the changing workload distributions and arrival rates, with a poor balance among multiple load balancers. The cooperative network load balancing task is formulated as a Dec-POMDP problem, which naturally induces the MARL methods. To bridge the reality gap for applying learning-based methods, all models are directly trained and evaluated on a real-world system from moderate- to large-scale setups. Experimental evaluations show that the independent and “selfish” load balancing strategies are not necessarily the globally optimal ones, while the proposed MARL solution has a superior performance over different realistic settings. Additionally, the potential difficulties of the application and deployment of MARL methods for network load balancing are analysed, which helps draw the attention of the learning and network communities to such challenges.
Thomas Clausen; Juan Antonio Cordero; Antoine Oustry; Sonia Vanier; Liding Xu
Optimization in Wireless Networks Book Section
In: Prokopyev, Oleg A. (Ed.): Springer, 2022, ISBN: 978-0-387-74759-0.
@incollection{nokeye,
title = {Optimization in Wireless Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Juan Antonio Cordero and Antoine Oustry and Sonia Vanier and Liding Xu},
editor = {Oleg A. Prokopyev},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-03647212/file/Version_12_Octobre_Optimization_In_Wireless_Netwoks_2021(1).pdf},
isbn = {978-0-387-74759-0},
year = {2022},
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Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Heide Clausen
HLB: Towards Load-Aware Load-Balancing Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2022, ISSN: 1558-2566.
@article{nokey,
title = {HLB: Towards Load-Aware Load-Balancing},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Heide Clausen},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2022.3177163},
issn = {1558-2566},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-05},
urldate = {2022-06-05},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
abstract = {The purpose of network load balancers is to optimize quality of service to the users of a set of servers - basically, to improve response times and to reducing computing resources - by properly distributing workloads. This paper proposes a distributed, application-agnostic, Hybrid Load Balancer (HLB) that - without explicit monitoring or signaling - infers server occupancies and processing speeds, which allows making optimised workload placement decisions. This approach is evaluated both through simulations and extensive experiments, including synthetic workloads and Wikipedia replays on a real-world testbed. Results show significant performance gains, in terms of both response time and system utilisation, when compared to existing load-balancing algorithms.},
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The purpose of network load balancers is to optimize quality of service to the users of a set of servers - basically, to improve response times and to reducing computing resources - by properly distributing workloads. This paper proposes a distributed, application-agnostic, Hybrid Load Balancer (HLB) that - without explicit monitoring or signaling - infers server occupancies and processing speeds, which allows making optimised workload placement decisions. This approach is evaluated both through simulations and extensive experiments, including synthetic workloads and Wikipedia replays on a real-world testbed. Results show significant performance gains, in terms of both response time and system utilisation, when compared to existing load-balancing algorithms.
2021
Zhiyuan Yao; Zihan Ding; Thomas Heide Clausen
Reinforced Workload Distribution Fairness Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), 2021.
@inproceedings{yao2021reinforced,
title = {Reinforced Workload Distribution Fairness},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Zihan Ding and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2111.00008-1.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021)},
abstract = {Network load balancers are central components in data centers, that distributes workloads across multiple servers and thereby contribute to offering scalable services. However, when load balancers operate in dynamic environments with limited monitoring of application server loads, they rely on heuristic algorithms that require manual configurations for fairness and performance. To alleviate that, this paper proposes a distributed asynchronous reinforcement learning mechanism to-with no active load balancer state monitoring and limited network observations-improve the fairness of the workload distribution achieved by a load balancer. The performance of proposed mechanism is evaluated and compared with stateof-the-art load balancing algorithms in a simulator, under configurations with progressively increasing complexities. Preliminary results show promise in RLbased load balancing algorithms, and identify additional challenges and future research directions, including reward function design and model scalability.},
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Network load balancers are central components in data centers, that distributes workloads across multiple servers and thereby contribute to offering scalable services. However, when load balancers operate in dynamic environments with limited monitoring of application server loads, they rely on heuristic algorithms that require manual configurations for fairness and performance. To alleviate that, this paper proposes a distributed asynchronous reinforcement learning mechanism to-with no active load balancer state monitoring and limited network observations-improve the fairness of the workload distribution achieved by a load balancer. The performance of proposed mechanism is evaluated and compared with stateof-the-art load balancing algorithms in a simulator, under configurations with progressively increasing complexities. Preliminary results show promise in RLbased load balancing algorithms, and identify additional challenges and future research directions, including reward function design and model scalability.
Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers Proceedings Article
In: Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia, 2021.
@inproceedings{yao2021intelligent,
title = {Towards Intelligent Load Balancing in Data Centers},
author = {Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.15788.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-12-01},
urldate = {2021-12-01},
booktitle = {Machine Learning for Systems at 35th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2021), Dec 2021, Sydney, Australia},
abstract = {Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.},
keywords = {},
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Network load balancers are important components in data centers to provide scalable services. Workload distribution algorithms are based on heuristics, e.g., Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP), Weighted-Cost Multi-Path (WCMP) or naive machine learning (ML) algorithms, e.g., ridge regression. Advanced ML-based approaches help achieve performance gain in different networking and system problems. However, it is challenging to apply ML algorithms on networking problems in real-life systems. It requires domain knowledge to collect features from low-latency, high-throughput, and scalable networking systems, which are dynamic and heterogenous. This paper proposes Aquarius to bridge the gap between ML and networking systems and demonstrates its usage in the context of network load balancers. This paper demonstrates its ability of conducting both offline data analysis and online model deployment in realistic systems. The results show that the ML model trained and deployed using Aquarius improves load balancing performance yet they also reveals more challenges to be resolved to apply ML for networking systems.
Carmine Rizzi; Zhiyuan Yao; Yoann Desmouceaux; Mark Townsley; Thomas Heide Clausen
Charon: Load-Aware Load-Balancing in P4 Proceedings Article
In: 1st Joint International Workshop on Network Programmability & Automation (NetPA) at 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2021),, 2021.
@inproceedings{rizzi2021charon,
title = {Charon: Load-Aware Load-Balancing in P4},
author = {Carmine Rizzi and Zhiyuan Yao and Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Heide Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2110.14389.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-10-01},
urldate = {2021-01-01},
booktitle = {1st Joint International Workshop on Network Programmability & Automation (NetPA) at 17th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2021),},
abstract = {Load-Balancers play an important role in data centers as they distribute network flows across application servers and guarantee per-connection consistency. It is hard however to make fair load balancing decisions so that all resources are efficiently occupied yet not overloaded. Tracking connection states allows to infer server load states and make informed decisions, but at the cost of additional memory space consumption. This makes it hard to implement on programmable hardware, which has constrained memory but offers line-rate performance. This paper presents Charon, a stateless load-aware load balancer that has line-rate performance implemented in P4-NetFPGA. Charon passively collects load states from application servers and employs the power-of-2-choices scheme to make data-driven load balancing decisions and improve resource utilization. Perconnection consistency is preserved statelessly by encoding server ID in a covert channel. The prototype design and implementation details are described in this paper. Simulation results show performance gains in terms of load distribution fairness, quality of service, throughput and processing latency.},
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Load-Balancers play an important role in data centers as they distribute network flows across application servers and guarantee per-connection consistency. It is hard however to make fair load balancing decisions so that all resources are efficiently occupied yet not overloaded. Tracking connection states allows to infer server load states and make informed decisions, but at the cost of additional memory space consumption. This makes it hard to implement on programmable hardware, which has constrained memory but offers line-rate performance. This paper presents Charon, a stateless load-aware load balancer that has line-rate performance implemented in P4-NetFPGA. Charon passively collects load states from application servers and employs the power-of-2-choices scheme to make data-driven load balancing decisions and improve resource utilization. Perconnection consistency is preserved statelessly by encoding server ID in a covert channel. The prototype design and implementation details are described in this paper. Simulation results show performance gains in terms of load distribution fairness, quality of service, throughput and processing latency.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Marcel Enguehard; Thomas Clausen
Joint Monitorless Load-Balancing and Autoscaling for Zero-Wait-Time in Data Centers Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 672-686, 2021, ISSN: 1932-4537.
@article{Desmouceaux2021,
title = {Joint Monitorless Load-Balancing and Autoscaling for Zero-Wait-Time in Data Centers},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Marcel Enguehard and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Joint-Monitorless-Load-Balancing-and-Autoscaling-for-Zero-Wait-Time-in-Data-Centers.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2020.3045059},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {672-686},
abstract = {Cloud architectures achieve scaling through two main functions: (i) load-balancers, which dispatch queries among replicated virtualized application instances, and (ii) autoscalers, which automatically adjust the number of replicated instances to accommodate variations in load patterns. These functions are often provided through centralized load monitoring, incurring operational complexity. This article introduces a unified and centralized-monitoring-free architecture achieving both autoscaling and load-balancing, reducing operational overhead while increasing response time performance. Application instances are virtually ordered in a chain, and new queries are forwarded along this chain until an instance, based on its local load, accepts the query. Autoscaling is triggered by the last application instance, which inspects its average load and infers if its chain is under- or over-provisioned. An analytical model of the system is derived, and proves that the proposed technique can achieve asymptotic zero-wait time with high (and controlable) probability. This result is confirmed by extensive simulations, which highlight close-to-ideal performance in terms of both response time and resource costs.},
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Cloud architectures achieve scaling through two main functions: (i) load-balancers, which dispatch queries among replicated virtualized application instances, and (ii) autoscalers, which automatically adjust the number of replicated instances to accommodate variations in load patterns. These functions are often provided through centralized load monitoring, incurring operational complexity. This article introduces a unified and centralized-monitoring-free architecture achieving both autoscaling and load-balancing, reducing operational overhead while increasing response time performance. Application instances are virtually ordered in a chain, and new queries are forwarded along this chain until an instance, based on its local load, accepts the query. Autoscaling is triggered by the last application instance, which inspects its average load and infers if its chain is under- or over-provisioned. An analytical model of the system is derived, and proves that the proposed technique can achieve asymptotic zero-wait time with high (and controlable) probability. This result is confirmed by extensive simulations, which highlight close-to-ideal performance in terms of both response time and resource costs.
Mohammed Hawari; Thomas Clausen
OP4T: Bringing Advanced Network Packet Timestamping into the Field Proceedings Article
In: 2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 137-142, 2021.
@inproceedings{Hawari2021,
title = {OP4T: Bringing Advanced Network Packet Timestamping into the Field},
author = {Mohammed Hawari and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/paper.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICOIN50884.2021.9333927},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-13},
booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN)},
pages = {137-142},
abstract = {Because it is very bursty, the microsecond-scale temporal behaviour of network traffic in data-centres is chal- lenging to measure and understand. To bring observability into data-centre networks, this paper introduces the Open Platform for Programmable Precise Packet Timestamping (OP4T), a hardware architecture, targeting Field-Programmable Gateway Arrays (FPGAs), integrated into data-centre servers as a Smart Network Interface Card (SmartNIC), and flexible enough to enable advanced latency diagnosis.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.},
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Because it is very bursty, the microsecond-scale temporal behaviour of network traffic in data-centres is chal- lenging to measure and understand. To bring observability into data-centre networks, this paper introduces the Open Platform for Programmable Precise Packet Timestamping (OP4T), a hardware architecture, targeting Field-Programmable Gateway Arrays (FPGAs), integrated into data-centre servers as a Smart Network Interface Card (SmartNIC), and flexible enough to enable advanced latency diagnosis.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.
In this paper, OP4T is specified, and an open-source im- plementation of that architecture is proposed, targeting the NetFPGA SUME prototyping board. By leveraging the P4 programming language, and partial reconfiguration, that open- source implementation is experimentally shown to enable in-band, precise packet timestamping, without sacrificing the achievable throughput. As an illustration, OP4T is shown to be usable to measure fine-grained properties of a software packet forwarder, e.g., packet batching.
2020
Thomas Feltin; Parisa Foroughi; Wenqin Shao; Frank Brockners; Thomas Clausen
Semantic feature selection for network telemetry event description Proceedings Article
In: NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, pp. 1-6, 2020, ISBN: 2374-9709.
@inproceedings{Feltin2020,
title = {Semantic feature selection for network telemetry event description},
author = {Thomas Feltin and Parisa Foroughi and Wenqin Shao and Frank Brockners and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/AnNet20201-1.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NOMS47738.2020.9110382},
isbn = {2374-9709},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-20},
booktitle = {NOMS 2020 - 2020 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium},
pages = {1-6},
abstract = {Model driven telemetry (MDT) enables the real-time collection of hundreds of thousands of counters on large-scale networks, with contextual information to each counter provided in the telemetry data structure definition. Explaining network events in such datasets implies substantial analysis by a domain expert. This paper presents an semantic feature selection method, to find the most important counters which describe a given event in a telemetry dataset, and facilitate the explanation process. This paper proposes a metric for estimating the importance of features in a dataset with descriptive feature names, to find those that are most meaningful to a human. With this estimation, this paper presents a cross-entropy based metric describing the quality of a selection of counters, which is combined with the data behavior to define an optimization goal. The computation of optimal selections distills intelligible and precise selections of counters with adjustable verbosity, and describes events with a few selected counters outlining the root cause of network events.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Model driven telemetry (MDT) enables the real-time collection of hundreds of thousands of counters on large-scale networks, with contextual information to each counter provided in the telemetry data structure definition. Explaining network events in such datasets implies substantial analysis by a domain expert. This paper presents an semantic feature selection method, to find the most important counters which describe a given event in a telemetry dataset, and facilitate the explanation process. This paper proposes a metric for estimating the importance of features in a dataset with descriptive feature names, to find those that are most meaningful to a human. With this estimation, this paper presents a cross-entropy based metric describing the quality of a selection of counters, which is combined with the data behavior to define an optimization goal. The computation of optimal selections distills intelligible and precise selections of counters with adjustable verbosity, and describes events with a few selected counters outlining the root cause of network events.
Mohammed Hawari; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen
High-Accuracy Packet Pacing on Commodity Servers for Constant-Rate Flows Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, pp. 1-15, 2020, ISSN: 1558-2566.
@article{9130915,
title = {High-Accuracy Packet Pacing on Commodity Servers for Constant-Rate Flows},
author = {Mohammed Hawari and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2020-IEEE-TNET-High-Accuracy-Packet-Pacing-on-Commodity-Servers-for-Constant-Rate-Flows.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2020.3001672},
issn = {1558-2566},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {This addresses the problem of high-quality packet pacing for constant-rate packet consumption systems, with strict buffering limitations. A mostly-software pacing architecture is developed, which has minimal hardware requirements, satisfied by commodity servers - rendering the proposed solution easily deployable in existing (data-centre) infrastructures. Two algorithms (free-running and frequency-controlled pacing, for explicitly and implicitly indicated target rates, respectively) are specified, and formally analysed. The proposed solution, including both algorithms, is implemented, and is tested on real hardware and under real conditions. The performance of these implementations is experimentally evaluated and compared to existing mechanisms, available in general-purpose hardware. Results of both exhaustive experiments, and of an analytical modeling, indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform low-jitter packet pacing on commodity hardware, being thus suitable for constant rate transmission and consumption in media production scenarios.},
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This addresses the problem of high-quality packet pacing for constant-rate packet consumption systems, with strict buffering limitations. A mostly-software pacing architecture is developed, which has minimal hardware requirements, satisfied by commodity servers - rendering the proposed solution easily deployable in existing (data-centre) infrastructures. Two algorithms (free-running and frequency-controlled pacing, for explicitly and implicitly indicated target rates, respectively) are specified, and formally analysed. The proposed solution, including both algorithms, is implemented, and is tested on real hardware and under real conditions. The performance of these implementations is experimentally evaluated and compared to existing mechanisms, available in general-purpose hardware. Results of both exhaustive experiments, and of an analytical modeling, indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform low-jitter packet pacing on commodity hardware, being thus suitable for constant rate transmission and consumption in media production scenarios.
2019
Yoann Desmouceaux; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen
Reliable B.I.E.R. with Peer Caching Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2019, ISSN: 1932-4537.
@article{Desmouceaux2019,
title = {Reliable B.I.E.R. with Peer Caching},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Reliable-B.I.E.R.-with-Peer-Caching.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNSM.2019.2950158},
issn = {1932-4537},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management},
abstract = {Multicast protocols usually require building multicast trees and maintaining state in intermediate routers, incurring operation complexity. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) ambitions to alleviate this complexity by allowing for source-driven selection of destinations and state-less packet forwarding. B.I.E.R. can also be used to achieve reliable delivery of content, by retransmitting packet to the exact set of destinations which have missed it. While B.I.E.R.- based reliable multicast exhibits attractive performance attributes, repair of a lost packet is achieved through source retransmissions, which may be costly and even unnecessary if close peers are able to provide a copy of the packet.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.},
keywords = {},
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}
Multicast protocols usually require building multicast trees and maintaining state in intermediate routers, incurring operation complexity. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) ambitions to alleviate this complexity by allowing for source-driven selection of destinations and state-less packet forwarding. B.I.E.R. can also be used to achieve reliable delivery of content, by retransmitting packet to the exact set of destinations which have missed it. While B.I.E.R.- based reliable multicast exhibits attractive performance attributes, repair of a lost packet is achieved through source retransmissions, which may be costly and even unnecessary if close peers are able to provide a copy of the packet.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.
Thus, this paper extends the use of reliable B.I.E.R. multicast to allow recoveries from peers, using Segment Routing (SR) to steer retransmission requests through potential candidates. A framework is introduced, which can accommodate different policies for the selection of candidate peers for retransmissions. Simple (both static and adaptive) policies are introduced and analyzed, both (i) theoretically and (ii) by way of simulations in data-center-like and real-world topologies. Results indicate that local peer recovery is able to substantially reduce the overall retransmission traffic, and that this can be achieved through simple policies, where no signaling is required to build a set of candidate peers.
2018
Yoann Desmouceaux; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
Zero-Loss Virtual Machine Migration with IPv6 Segment Routing Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings 1st SR+SFC Workshop at IEEE CNSM, 2018.
@inproceedings{Desmouceaux2018e,
title = {Zero-Loss Virtual Machine Migration with IPv6 Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Zero-Loss-Virtual-Machine-Migration-with-Segment-Routing.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings 1st SR+SFC Workshop at IEEE CNSM},
abstract = {With the development of large-scale data centers, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a key component for resource optimization, cost reduction, and maintenance. From a network perspective, traditional VM migration mechanisms rely on the hypervisor running at the destination host advertising the new location of the VM once migration is complete. However, this creates a period of time during which the VM is not reachable, yielding packet loss.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
With the development of large-scale data centers, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a key component for resource optimization, cost reduction, and maintenance. From a network perspective, traditional VM migration mechanisms rely on the hypervisor running at the destination host advertising the new location of the VM once migration is complete. However, this creates a period of time during which the VM is not reachable, yielding packet loss.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.
This paper introduces a method to perform zero-loss VM migration by using IPv6 Segment Routing (SR). Rather than letting the hypervisor update a locator mapping after VM migration is complete, a logical path consisting of the source and destination hosts is pre-provisioned. Packets destined to the migrating VM are sent through this path using SR, shortly before, during, and shortly after migration – the virtual router on the source host being in charge of forwarding packets locally if the VM migration has not completed yet, or to the destination host otherwise. The proposed mechanism is implemented as a VPP plugin, and feasibility of zero-loss VM migration is demonstrated with various workloads. Evaluation shows that this yields benefits in terms of session opening latency and TCP throughput.
Arthur Toussaint; Mohammed Hawari; Thomas Clausen
Chasing Linux Jitter Sources for Uncompressed Video Proceedings Article
In: In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High-Precision Networks Operations and Control (HiPNet 2018) ad the IEEE 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM), 2018.
@inproceedings{Toussaint2018,
title = {Chasing Linux Jitter Sources for Uncompressed Video},
author = {Arthur Toussaint and Mohammed Hawari and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CNSM-HipNet-Toussaint-et.-al.-Chasing-Linux-Jutter-Sources-for-Uncompressed-Video.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on High-Precision Networks Operations and Control (HiPNet 2018) ad the IEEE 14th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)},
abstract = {Beyond the transport of uncompressed video over IP networks, defined in standards such as ST2022-6, the ability to build software-based Video Processing Functions (VPF) on commodity hardware and using general purpose Operating Systems is the next logical step in the evolution of the media industry towards an “all-IP” world. In that context, understand- ing the jitter induced on an ST2022-6 stream by a commodity platform is essential. This paper describes a general methodology to enumerate jitter sources on commodity platforms and to quantify their relative contribution to the overall system jitter. The methodology is applied to the Linux kernel, producing a classification of the different sources of jitter, and a quantification of their impact.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Beyond the transport of uncompressed video over IP networks, defined in standards such as ST2022-6, the ability to build software-based Video Processing Functions (VPF) on commodity hardware and using general purpose Operating Systems is the next logical step in the evolution of the media industry towards an “all-IP” world. In that context, understand- ing the jitter induced on an ST2022-6 stream by a commodity platform is essential. This paper describes a general methodology to enumerate jitter sources on commodity platforms and to quantify their relative contribution to the overall system jitter. The methodology is applied to the Linux kernel, producing a classification of the different sources of jitter, and a quantification of their impact.
Benoit Pit–Claudel; Yoann Desmouceaux; Pierre Pfister; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4 Proceedings Article
In: 1st P4 European Workshop (P4EU), 2018.
@inproceedings{Pit–Claudel2018,
title = {Stateless Load-Aware Load Balancing in P4},
author = {Benoit Pit–Claudel and Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/en/p4eu-2018/},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-24},
publisher = {1st P4 European Workshop (P4EU)},
abstract = {Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Leveraging the performance opportunities offered by programmable hardware, stateless load-balancing architectures allowing line-rate processing are appealing. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significantly fairer load-balancing can be achieved by an architecture that considers the actual load of application instances when dispatching connection requests. Architectures which maintain per-connection state for resiliency and/or track application load state for fairness are, however, at odds with hardware-imposed memory constraints. Thus, a desirable load-balancer for programmable hardware would be both stateless and able to dispatch queries to application instances according to their current load.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
This paper presents SHELL, a stateless application-aware load-balancer combining (i) a power-of-choices scheme using IPv6 Segment Routing to dispatch new flows to a suitable application instance from among multiple candidates, and (ii) the use of a covert channel to record/report which flow was assigned to which candidate in a stateless fashion. In addition, consistent hashing versioning is used to ensure that connections are maintained to the correct application instance, using Segment Routing to “browse” through the history when needed. The stateless design of SHELL makes it suitable for hardware implementation, and this paper describes the implementation of a P4-NetFPGA prototype. A performance evaluation of this SHELL implementation demonstrates throughput and latency characteristics comparable to other stateless load-balancing implementations, while enabling application instance-load-aware dispatching and significantly increasing per-connection consistency resiliency.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi YI; Juan Antonio Cordero; Yuichi Igarashi
Use 'em or Lose 'em: On Unidirectional Links in Reactive Routing Protocols Journal Article
In: Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 73, 2018.
@article{Clausen2018unidirectional,
title = {Use 'em or Lose 'em: On Unidirectional Links in Reactive Routing Protocols},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi YI and Juan Antonio Cordero and Yuichi Igarashi},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570870518300325 https://ac.els-cdn.com/S1570870518300325/1-s2.0-S1570870518300325-main.pdf?_tid=0b7f4a7e-b489-4317-b96c-f18cec2af56f&acdnat=1520779362_84dbf04f92cfc3c7ef2448f3b4c3ebf7},
doi = {10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.02.004},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
journal = {Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks},
volume = {73},
abstract = {In reactive unicast routing protocols, Route Discovery aims to include only bidirectional links in discovered routing paths. This is typically accomplished by having routers maintain a “blacklist” of links recently confirmed (through Route Reply processing) to be unidirectional – which is then used for excluding subsequent Route Discovery control messages received over these links from being processed and forwarded.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
In reactive unicast routing protocols, Route Discovery aims to include only bidirectional links in discovered routing paths. This is typically accomplished by having routers maintain a “blacklist” of links recently confirmed (through Route Reply processing) to be unidirectional – which is then used for excluding subsequent Route Discovery control messages received over these links from being processed and forwarded.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.
This paper first presents an analytical model, which allows to study the impact of unidirectional links being present in a network, on the performance of reactive routing protocols. Next, this paper identifies that despite the use of a “blacklist”, the Route Discovery process may result in discovery of false forward routes, i.e., routes containing unidirec- tional links – and proposes a counter-measure denoted Forward Bidirectionality Check. This paper further proposes a Loop Exploration mechanism, allowing to properly include unidirectional links in a discovered routing topology – with the goal of providing bidirectional connectivity even in absence of bidirectional paths in the network.
Finally, each of these proposed mechanisms are subjected to extensive network simulations in static scenarios. When the fraction of unidirectional links is moderate (15 50%), simulations find Forward Bidirectionality Check to significantly increase the probability that bidirectional routing paths can be discovered by a reactive routing protocol, while incurring only an insignificant additional overhead. Further, in networks with a significant fraction of unidirectional links ( 50%), simulations reveal that Loop Exploration preserves the ability of a reactive routing protocol to establish bidirectional communication (possibly through non-bidirectional paths), but at the expense of a substantial additional overhead.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Sonia Toubaline; Thomas Clausen
Flow-Aware Workload Migration in Data Centers Journal Article
In: Springer - Journal of Network and Systems Management (JONS), 2018.
@article{Desmouceaux2018a,
title = {Flow-Aware Workload Migration in Data Centers},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Sonia Toubaline and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s10922-018-9452-5?author_access_token=qm_40d91CsNLlZ_vZ0tZFPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4xSrvbLplDMLQ3AN9vWEoUIxtZAIdnOGAzJH5W3YOrbGteOLvaEXsEE1xFv66lVxTKlL40BAS25fsaLf8w1RJAvY69owHWqhJkTmAZpvdCkQ%3D%3D
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doi = {10.1007/s10922-018-9452-5},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-10},
journal = {Springer - Journal of Network and Systems Management (JONS)},
abstract = {In data centers, subject to workloads with heterogeneous (and sometimes short) lifetimes, workload migration is a way of attaining a more efficient utilization of the underlying physical machines.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In data centers, subject to workloads with heterogeneous (and sometimes short) lifetimes, workload migration is a way of attaining a more efficient utilization of the underlying physical machines.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
To not introduce performance degradation, such workload migration must take into account not only machine resources, and per-task resource requirements, but also application dependencies in terms of network communication.
This articleformat presents a workload migration model capturing all of these constraints.
A linear programming framework is developed allowing accurate representation of per-task resources requirements and inter-task network demands. Using this, a multi-objective problem is formulated to compute a re-allocation of tasks that (i) maximizes the total inter-task throughput, while (ii) minimizing the cost incurred by migration and (iii) allocating the maximum number of new tasks.
A baseline algorithm, solving this multi-objective problem using the $epsilon$-constraint method is proposed, in order to generate the set of Pareto-optimal solutions. As this algorithm is compute-intensive for large topologies, a heuristic, which computes an approximation of the Pareto front, is then developed, and evaluated on different topologies and with different machine load factors. These evaluations show that the heuristic can provide close-to-optimal solutions, while reducing the solving time by one to two order of magnitudes.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Thomas Clausen; Juan Antonio Cordero; Mark Townsley
Reliable Multicast with B.I.E.R. Journal Article
In: IEEE/KICS Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN), vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 182-197, 2018.
@article{Desmouceaux2018b,
title = {Reliable Multicast with B.I.E.R.},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Thomas Clausen and Juan Antonio Cordero and Mark Townsley},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/jcn-2018.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-01},
journal = {IEEE/KICS Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN)},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {182-197},
abstract = {Inter-network multicast protocols, which build and maintain multicast trees, incur both explicit protocol signalling, and maintenance of state in intermediate routers in the network. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) is a technique which can provide a multicast service yet removes such complexities: in- termediate routers are unencumbered by group management, and no per-group state is to be maintained.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Inter-network multicast protocols, which build and maintain multicast trees, incur both explicit protocol signalling, and maintenance of state in intermediate routers in the network. B.I.E.R. (Bit-Indexed Explicit Replication) is a technique which can provide a multicast service yet removes such complexities: in- termediate routers are unencumbered by group management, and no per-group state is to be maintained.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.
This paper explores the use of B.I.E.R. as a basis for develop- ing an efficient and reliable multicast mechanism, where redun- dant traffic is avoided, essential traffic is forwarded along shortest paths, and no per-flow state is required in intermediate routers. Evaluated by way of both an analytical model and network sim- ulation both in generic and in real network topologies with vary- ing background traffic loads, the proposed B.I.E.R.-based reliable multicast mechanism exhibits attractive performance attributes: it attains delivery success rates as high as any other reliable multicast service, but with significantly better link utilisation and no per-flow or per-group state in intermediate routers of the network.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Pierre Pfister; Jérôme Tollet; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing Journal Article
In: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 819-834, 2018, ISSN: 1063-6692.
@article{Desmouceaux2018,
title = {6LB: Scalable and Application-Aware Load Balancing with Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Jérôme Tollet and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018-IEEE-Transactions-on-Networking-6LB-Scalable-and-Application-Aware-Load-Balancing-with-Segment-Routing.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/TNET.2018.2799242},
issn = {1063-6692},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-16},
journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {819-834},
abstract = {Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based solely on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to fairly share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling. A consistent hashing algorithm, as well as an in-band stickiness protocol, allow for the proposed solution to be able to be reliably distributed across a large number of instances.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based solely on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to fairly share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling. A consistent hashing algorithm, as well as an in-band stickiness protocol, allow for the proposed solution to be able to be reliably distributed across a large number of instances.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.
Performance evaluation by means of an analytical model and actual tests on different workloads (including a Wikipedia replay as a realistic workload) show significant performance benefits in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer. In addition, this paper introduces and compares kernel bypass high-performance implementations of both 6LB and a state-of-the-art load-balancer, showing that the significant system-level benefits of 6LB are achievable with a negligible data-path CPU overhead.
2017
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Ulrich Herberg
Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, Extension, and Applicability Journal Article
In: Elsevier Computer Networks, vol. 126, pp. 125-140, 2017.
@article{clausen2017lightweight,
title = {Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng): Protocol, Extension, and Applicability},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/2017-Computer-Networks-Lightweight-On-demand-Ad-hoc-Distance-vector-Routing-Next-Generation-LOADng.pdf},
doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2017.06.025},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-10-24},
journal = {Elsevier Computer Networks},
volume = {126},
pages = {125-140},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {This paper studies the routing protocol “Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)”, designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper studies the routing protocol “Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation (LOADng)”, designed to enable efficient, scalable and secure routing in low power and lossy networks. As a reactive protocol, it does not maintain a routing table for all destinations in the network, but initiates a route discovery to a destination only when there is data to be sent to that destination to reduce routing overhead and memory consumption. Designed with a modular approach, LOADng can be extended with additional components for adapting the protocol to different topologies, traffic, and data-link layer characteristics. This paper studies several such additional components for extending LOADng: support for smart route requests and expanding ring search, an extension permitting maintaining collection trees, a fast rerouting extension. All those extensions are examined from the aspects of specification, interoperability with other mechanisms, security vulnerabilities, performance and applicability. A general framework is also proposed to secure the routing protocol.
Yoann Desmouceaux; Pierre Pfister; Jerome Tollet; Mark Townsley; Thomas Clausen
SRLB: The Power of Choices in Load Balancing with Segment Routing Proceedings Article
In: In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), 2017.
@inproceedings{Desmouceaux2017b,
title = {SRLB: The Power of Choices in Load Balancing with Segment Routing},
author = {Yoann Desmouceaux and Pierre Pfister and Jerome Tollet and Mark Townsley and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/camera-ready-ieeepdfexpress.pdf},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-05},
booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS)},
abstract = {Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Network load-balancers generally either do not take application state into account, or do so at the cost of a central- ized monitoring system. This paper introduces a load-balancer running exclusively within the IP forwarding plane, i.e. in an application protocol agnostic fashion – yet which still provides application-awareness and makes real-time, decentralized deci- sions. To that end, IPv6 Segment Routing is used to direct data packets from a new flow through a chain of candidate servers, until one decides to accept the connection, based on its local state. This way, applications themselves naturally decide on how to share incoming connections, while incurring minimal network overhead, and no out-of-band signaling.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.
Tests on different workloads – including realistic workloads such as replaying actual Wikipedia access traffic towards a set of replica Wikipedia instances – show significant performance benefits, in terms of shorter response times, when compared to a traditional random load-balancer.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Jiazi Yi
RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 8116, 2017.
@misc{rfc8116,
title = {RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jiazi Yi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/rfc8116.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/rfc8116},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
number = {8116},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.},
howpublished = {RFC 8116},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.
Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg; Jiazi Yi
RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
RFC 8116, 2017.
@misc{rfc8116b,
title = {RFC8116: Security Threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg and Jiazi Yi},
url = {https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8116.txt},
doi = {10.17487/rfc8116},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
number = {8116},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.},
howpublished = {RFC 8116},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) operations. It also analyzes which of these security vulnerabilities can be mitigated when using the mandatory-to-implement security mechanisms for OLSRv2 and how the vulnerabilities are mitigated.
2016
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Ulrich Herberg
RFC7985: Security Threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7985, 2016, ISSN: 2070-1721.
@misc{RFC7985,
title = {RFC7985: Security Threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF)},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/rfc7985.txt.pdf},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/RFC7985},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-02},
abstract = {This document analyzes security threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF), including vulnerabilities of duplicate packet detection and relay set selection mechanisms. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described. In addition, this document updates RFC 7186 regarding threats to the relay set selection mechanisms using the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) (RFC 6130)},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7985},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes security threats to Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF), including vulnerabilities of duplicate packet detection and relay set selection mechanisms. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described. In addition, this document updates RFC 7186 regarding threats to the relay set selection mechanisms using the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) (RFC 6130)
Aloys Augustin; Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Mark Townsley
A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things Journal Article
In: MDPI Sensors, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 1466, 2016, ISSN: 1424-8220, ((5 yr Impact Factor: 2.437)).
@article{Augustin2016,
title = {A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things},
author = {Aloys Augustin and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Mark Townsley},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/2016-a-study-of-lora-long-range-low-power-networks-for-the-internet-of-things/},
doi = {10.3390/s16091466},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-09-09},
journal = {MDPI Sensors},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {1466},
abstract = {LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bitrate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This paper provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed.},
note = {(5 yr Impact Factor: 2.437)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
LoRa is a long-range, low-power, low-bitrate, wireless telecommunications system, promoted as an infrastructure solution for the Internet of Things: end-devices use LoRa across a single wireless hop to communicate to gateway(s), connected to the Internet and which act as transparent bridges and relay messages between these end-devices and a central network server. This paper provides an overview of LoRa and an in-depth analysis of its functional components. The physical and data link layer performance is evaluated by field tests and simulations. Based on the analysis and evaluations, some possible solutions for performance enhancements are proposed.
Ulrich Herberg; Robert Cole; Ian Chakeres; Thomas Clausen
RFC7939: Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7939, 2016, ISSN: 2070-1721.
@misc{rfc7939,
title = {RFC7939: Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Robert Cole and Ian Chakeres and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/RFC7939.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/rfc7939},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-01-01},
number = {7939},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
series = {Request for Comments},
abstract = {This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) process on a router. The extensions described in this document add objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC 7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP. This additional state and performance information is useful to troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor discovery.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7939},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) process on a router. The extensions described in this document add objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC 7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP. This additional state and performance information is useful to troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor discovery.
2015
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
RFC7722: Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Experimental RFC 7722, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7722).
@misc{RFC7722,
title = {RFC7722: Multi-Topology Extension for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7722.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7722},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-12-31},
abstract = {This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension. This specification updates RFCs 7188 and 7631 by modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.},
howpublished = {IETF - Experimental RFC 7722},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7722},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) to support multiple routing topologies, while retaining interoperability with OLSRv2 routers that do not implement this extension. This specification updates RFCs 7188 and 7631 by modifying and extending TLV registries and descriptions.
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove
RFC7631 – TLV Naming in the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Generalized Packet/Message Format Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7631, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7631).
@misc{RFC7631,
title = {RFC7631 – TLV Naming in the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Generalized Packet/Message Format},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7631.txt.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7631},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-09-01},
abstract = {This document reorganizes the naming of already-allocated TLV (type-length-value) types and type extensions in the "Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Parameters" registries defined by RFC 5444 to use names appropriately. It has no consequences in terms of any protocol implementation. This document also updates the Expert Review guidelines in RFC 5444, so as to establish a policy for consistent naming of future TLV type and type extension allocations. It makes no other changes to RFC 5444.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7631},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7631},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document reorganizes the naming of already-allocated TLV (type-length-value) types and type extensions in the "Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) Parameters" registries defined by RFC 5444 to use names appropriately. It has no consequences in terms of any protocol implementation. This document also updates the Expert Review guidelines in RFC 5444, so as to establish a policy for consistent naming of future TLV type and type extension allocations. It makes no other changes to RFC 5444.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Application Journal Article
In: IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 2015, no. 06, 2015.
@article{Yi2015,
title = {Depth-First Forwarding for Unreliable Networks: Extensions and Application},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2015-IEEE-Internet-of-Things-Journal-Depth-First-Forwarding-for-Unreliable-Networks-Extensions-and-Applications.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2015.2409892},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-05-25},
journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal},
volume = {2015},
number = {06},
abstract = {his paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
his paper introduces extensions and applications of depth-first forwarding (DFF)-a data forwarding mechanism for use in unreliable networks such as sensor networks and Mobile Ad hoc NETworks with limited computational power and storage, low-capacity channels, device mobility, etc. Routing protocols for these networks try to balance conflicting requirements of being reactive to topology and channel variation while also being frugal in resource requirements-but when the underlying topology changes, routing protocols require time to re converge, during which data delivery failure may occur. DFF was developed to alleviate this situation: it reacts rapidly to local data delivery failures and attempts to successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover from such a failure. An extension of DFF, denoted as DFF++, is proposed in this paper, in order to optimize the performance of DFF by way of introducing a more efficient search ordering. This paper also studies the applicability of DFF to three major routing protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), including the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng), the optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL), and presents the performance of these protocols, with and without DFF, in lossy and unreliable networks.
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
RFC7466: An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7466, 2015, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7466).
@misc{RFC7466,
title = {RFC7466: An Optimization for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7466.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7466},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-03-01},
abstract = {The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7466},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7466},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The link quality mechanism of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) enables "ignoring" some 1-hop neighbors if the measured link quality from that 1-hop neighbor is below an acceptable threshold while still retaining the corresponding link information as acquired from the HELLO message exchange. This allows immediate reinstatement of the 1-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently. NHDP also collects information about symmetric 2-hop neighbors. However, it specifies that if a link from a symmetric 1-hop neighbor ceases being symmetric, including while "ignored" (as described above), then corresponding symmetric 2-hop neighbors are removed. This may lead to symmetric 2-hop neighborhood information being permanently removed (until further HELLO messages are received) if the link quality of a symmetric 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold, even if only for a moment. This specification updates RFC 6130 "Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)" and RFC 7181 "The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)" to permit, as an option, retaining, but ignoring, symmetric 2-hop information when the link quality from the corresponding 1-hop neighbor drops below the acceptable threshold. This allows immediate reinstatement of the symmetric 2-hop neighbor if the link quality later improves sufficiently, thus making the symmetric 2-hop neighborhood more "robust".
2014
Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove
RFC7182: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7182, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7182).
@misc{RFC7182,
title = {RFC7182: Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7182.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7182},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document revises, extends, and replaces RFC 6622. It describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and one or more addresses, respectively.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7182},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7182},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document revises, extends, and replaces RFC 6622. It describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and one or more addresses, respectively.
Thomas Clausen; Christopher Dearlove; Philippe Jacquet; Ulrich Herberg
RFC7181: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7681, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7181).
@misc{RFC7181,
title = {RFC7181: The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Christopher Dearlove and Philippe Jacquet and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7181.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7181},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification describes version 2 of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRv2) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7681},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7181},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes version 2 of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRv2) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs).
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7188, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7188).
@misc{Clausen2014,
title = {RFC7188: Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) and MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Extension TLVs},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7188.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7188},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification describes extensions to definitions of TLVs used by the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) to increase their abilities to accommodate protocol extensions. This document updates RFC 7181 (OLSRv2) and RFC 6130 (NHDP).},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7188},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7188},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification describes extensions to definitions of TLVs used by the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and the MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) to increase their abilities to accommodate protocol extensions. This document updates RFC 7181 (OLSRv2) and RFC 6130 (NHDP).
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
RFC7187: Routing Multipoint Relay Optimization for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7187, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7187).
@misc{RFC7187,
title = {RFC7187: Routing Multipoint Relay Optimization for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7187.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7187},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This specification updates the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) with an optimization to improve the selection of routing multipoint relays. The optimization retains full interoperability between implementations of OLSRv2 with and without this optimization.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7187},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7187},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This specification updates the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) with an optimization to improve the selection of routing multipoint relays. The optimization retains full interoperability between implementations of OLSRv2 with and without this optimization.
Jiazi Yi; Ulrich Herberg; Thomas Clausen
RFC7186: Security Threats for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7186, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7186).
@misc{RFC7186,
title = {RFC7186: Security Threats for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Ulrich Herberg and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7186.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7186},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document analyzes common security threats of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols using NHDP. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described.},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7186},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7186},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document analyzes common security threats of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and describes their potential impacts on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols using NHDP. This document is not intended to propose solutions to the threats described.
Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen; Philippe Jacquet
RFC7185: Rationale for the Use of Link Metrics in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2) Miscellaneous
IETF - Informational RFC 7185, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7185).
@misc{RFC7185,
title = {RFC7185: Rationale for the Use of Link Metrics in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen and Philippe Jacquet},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7185.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7185},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) includes the ability to assign metrics to links and to use those metrics to allow routing by other than minimum hop count routes. This document provides a historic record of the rationale for, and design considerations behind, how link metrics were included in OLSRv2.},
howpublished = {IETF - Informational RFC 7185},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7185},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) includes the ability to assign metrics to links and to use those metrics to allow routing by other than minimum hop count routes. This document provides a historic record of the rationale for, and design considerations behind, how link metrics were included in OLSRv2.
Ulrich Herberg; Robert G. Cole; Thomas Clausen
RFC7184: Definition of Managed Objects for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 Miscellaneous
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7184, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7184).
@misc{RFC7184,
title = {RFC7184: Definition of Managed Objects for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Robert G. Cole and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7184.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7184},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document defines the Management Information Base (MIB) module for configuring and managing the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). The OLSRv2-MIB module is structured into configuration information, state information, performance information, and notifications. This additional state and performance information is useful for troubleshooting problems and performance issues of the routing protocol. Two levels of compliance allow this MIB module to be deployed on constrained routers.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7184},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7184},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document defines the Management Information Base (MIB) module for configuring and managing the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). The OLSRv2-MIB module is structured into configuration information, state information, performance information, and notifications. This additional state and performance information is useful for troubleshooting problems and performance issues of the routing protocol. Two levels of compliance allow this MIB module to be deployed on constrained routers.
Ulrich Herberg; Christopher Dearlove; Thomas Clausen
IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7183, 2014, ISSN: 2070-1721, (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7183).
@misc{RFC7183,
title = {RFC7183: Integrity Protection for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2)},
author = {Ulrich Herberg and Christopher Dearlove and Thomas Clausen},
url = {https://epizeuxis.net/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rfc7183.pdf},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7183},
issn = {2070-1721},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-04-01},
abstract = {This document specifies integrity and replay protection for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). This protection is achieved by using an HMAC-SHA-256 Integrity Check Value (ICV) TLV and a Timestamp TLV based on Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) time. The mechanism in this specification can also be used for other protocols that use the generalized packet/message format described in RFC 5444. This document updates RFC 6130 and RFC 7181 by mandating the implementation of this integrity and replay protection in NHDP and OLSRv2.},
howpublished = {IETF - Proposed Standard RFC 7183},
note = {http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7183},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
This document specifies integrity and replay protection for the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) and the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2). This protection is achieved by using an HMAC-SHA-256 Integrity Check Value (ICV) TLV and a Timestamp TLV based on Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) time. The mechanism in this specification can also be used for other protocols that use the generalized packet/message format described in RFC 5444. This document updates RFC 6130 and RFC 7181 by mandating the implementation of this integrity and replay protection in NHDP and OLSRv2.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks Journal Article
In: Hindawi International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 2014, no. Article ID 352421, pp. 12, 2014.
@article{Yi2014,
title = {Collection Tree Extension of Reactive Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
editor = {Christos Verikoukis},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-Hindawi-International-Journal-of-Distributed-Sensor-Networks-Collection-Tree-Extension-of-LOADng-Protocol-for-Low-power-and-Lossy-Networks.pdf},
doi = {doi:10.1155/2014/352421},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-25},
journal = {Hindawi International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks},
volume = {2014},
number = {Article ID 352421},
pages = {12},
abstract = {This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support “sensor-to-root” traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper proposes an extension to reactive routing protocol, for efficient construction of a collection tree for data acquisition in sensor networks. The Lightweight On-Demand Ad hoc Distance Vector Routing Protocol-Next Generation (LOADng) is a reactive distance vector protocol which is intended for use in mobile ad hoc networks and low-power and lossy networks to build paths between source-destination pairs. In 2013, ITU-T has ratified the recommendation G.9903 Amendment 1, which includes LOADng in a specific normative annex for routing protocol in smart grids. The extension uses the mechanisms from LOADng, imposes minimal overhead and complexity, and enables a deployment to efficiently support “sensor-to-root” traffic, avoiding complications of unidirectional links in the collection tree. The protocol complexity, security, and interoperability are examined in detail. The simulation results show that the extension can effectively improve the efficiency of data acquisition in the network.
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Ulrich Herberg
Depth First Forwarding for Low Power and Lossy Networks: Application and Extension Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things WF-IoT 2014, 2014.
@inproceedings{LIX-NET-conference-153,
title = {Depth First Forwarding for Low Power and Lossy Networks: Application and Extension},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-IEEE-WF-IoT-Depth-First-Forwarding-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-Application-and-Extension.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803211},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-03-01},
publisher = {Proceedings of IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things WF-IoT 2014},
abstract = {Data delivery across a multi-hop low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) is a challenging task: devices participating in such a network have strictly limited computational power and storage, and the communication channels are of low capacity, time-varying and with high loss rates. Consequently, routing protocols finding paths through such a network must be frugal in their control traffic and state requirements, as well as in algorithmic complexity – and even once paths have been found, these may be usable only intermittently, or for a very short time due to changes on the channel. Routing protocols exist for such networks, balancing reactivity to topology and channel variation with frugality in resource requirements. Complementary compo- nent to routing protocols for such LLNs exist, intended not to manage global topology, but to react rapidly to local data delivery failures and (attempt to) successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover globally from such a failure. Specifically, this paper studies the “Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks” protocol, standardised within the IETF in June 2013. Moreover, this paper proposes optimisations to that protocol, denoted DFF++, for improved performance and reactivity whilst remaining fully interoperable with DFF as standardised, and incurring neither additional data sets nor protocol signals to be generated.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Data delivery across a multi-hop low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) is a challenging task: devices participating in such a network have strictly limited computational power and storage, and the communication channels are of low capacity, time-varying and with high loss rates. Consequently, routing protocols finding paths through such a network must be frugal in their control traffic and state requirements, as well as in algorithmic complexity – and even once paths have been found, these may be usable only intermittently, or for a very short time due to changes on the channel. Routing protocols exist for such networks, balancing reactivity to topology and channel variation with frugality in resource requirements. Complementary compo- nent to routing protocols for such LLNs exist, intended not to manage global topology, but to react rapidly to local data delivery failures and (attempt to) successfully deliver data while giving a routing protocol time to recover globally from such a failure. Specifically, this paper studies the “Depth-First Forwarding (DFF) in Unreliable Networks” protocol, standardised within the IETF in June 2013. Moreover, this paper proposes optimisations to that protocol, denoted DFF++, for improved performance and reactivity whilst remaining fully interoperable with DFF as standardised, and incurring neither additional data sets nor protocol signals to be generated.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi
Path Accumulation Extensions for the LOADng Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks Proceedings Article
In: Hsu, RobertC. -H.; Wang, Shangguang (Ed.): Internet of Vehicles – Technologies and Services, pp. 150-159, Springer International Publishing, 2014, ISBN: 978-3-319-11166-7.
@inproceedings{Clausen2014b,
title = {Path Accumulation Extensions for the LOADng Routing Protocol in Sensor Networks},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi},
editor = {RobertC. -H. Hsu and Shangguang Wang},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-IoV-Path-Accumulation-Extensions-for-the-LOADng-Routing-Protocol-in-Sensor-Networks.pdf
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11167-4_15},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-11167-4_15},
isbn = {978-3-319-11166-7},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
booktitle = {Internet of Vehicles – Technologies and Services},
volume = {8662},
pages = {150-159},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
abstract = {The “Light-weight On-demand Ad-hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation” (LOADng) is a simple, yet efficient and flexible routing protocol, specifically designed for use in lossy networks with constrained devices. A reactive protocol, LOADng – as a basic mode of operation – offers discovery and maintenance of hop-by-hop routes and imposes a state in intermediate routers proportional to the number of traffic paths served by that intermediate router.
This paper offers an extension to LOADng, denoted LOADng-PA (Path Accumulation). LOADng-PA is designed with the motivation of requiring even less state in each intermediate router, and with that state being independent on the number of concurrent traffic flows carried. Another motivation the design of LOADng-PA is one of monitoring and managing networks: providing more detailed topological visibility of traffic paths through the network, for either traffic or network engineering purposes.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
The “Light-weight On-demand Ad-hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol – Next Generation” (LOADng) is a simple, yet efficient and flexible routing protocol, specifically designed for use in lossy networks with constrained devices. A reactive protocol, LOADng – as a basic mode of operation – offers discovery and maintenance of hop-by-hop routes and imposes a state in intermediate routers proportional to the number of traffic paths served by that intermediate router.
This paper offers an extension to LOADng, denoted LOADng-PA (Path Accumulation). LOADng-PA is designed with the motivation of requiring even less state in each intermediate router, and with that state being independent on the number of concurrent traffic flows carried. Another motivation the design of LOADng-PA is one of monitoring and managing networks: providing more detailed topological visibility of traffic paths through the network, for either traffic or network engineering purposes.
This paper offers an extension to LOADng, denoted LOADng-PA (Path Accumulation). LOADng-PA is designed with the motivation of requiring even less state in each intermediate router, and with that state being independent on the number of concurrent traffic flows carried. Another motivation the design of LOADng-PA is one of monitoring and managing networks: providing more detailed topological visibility of traffic paths through the network, for either traffic or network engineering purposes.
Juan Antonio Cordero; Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen
An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks Journal Article
In: Sensors, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 14440, 2014, ISSN: 1424-8220, (http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14440).
@article{s140814440,
title = {An Adaptive Jitter Mechanism for Reactive Route Discovery in Sensor Networks},
author = {Juan Antonio Cordero and Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2014-MDPI-Sensors-An-Adaptive-Jitter-Mechanism-for-Reactive-Route-Discovery-in-Sensor-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.3390/s140814440},
issn = {1424-8220},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Sensors},
volume = {14},
number = {8},
pages = {14440},
abstract = {This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.},
note = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/8/14440},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper analyses the impact of jitter when applied to route discovery in reactive (on-demand) routing protocols. In multi-hop non-synchronized wireless networks, jitter—a small, random variation in the timing of message emission—is commonly employed, as a means to avoid collisions of simultaneous transmissions by adjacent routers over the same channel. In a reactive routing protocol for sensor and ad hoc networks, jitter is recommended during the route discovery process, specifically, during the network-wide flooding of route request messages, in order to avoid collisions. Commonly, a simple uniform jitter is recommended. Alas, this is not without drawbacks: when applying uniform jitter to the route discovery process, an effect called delay inversion is observed. This paper, first, studies and quantifies this delay inversion effect. Second, this paper proposes an adaptive jitter mechanism, designed to alleviate the delay inversion effect and thereby to reduce the route discovery overhead and (ultimately) allow the routing protocol to find more optimal paths, as compared to uniform jitter. This paper presents both analytical and simulation studies, showing that the proposed adaptive jitter can effectively decrease the cost of route discovery and increase the path quality.
2013
Jiazi Yi; Thomas Clausen; Yuichi Igarashi
Evaluation of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks: LOADng and RPL Proceedings Article
In: 2013 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors, 2013.
@inproceedings{Clausen2013a,
title = {Evaluation of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks: LOADng and RPL},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Thomas Clausen and Yuichi Igarashi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-ICWiSE-Evaluation-of-Routing-Protocol-for-Low-Power-and-Lossy-Networks-LOADng-and-RPL.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/ICWISE.2013.6728773},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-12-01},
publisher = {2013 IEEE Conference on Wireless Sensors},
abstract = {Routing protocol is a critical component of Low- power and Lossy Networks for Smart Grid. The protocols are used for data forwarding, which includes data acquisition, information dissemination, etc. This paper evaluates two main routing protocols used for Low-power and Lossy Networks: RPL and LOADng, to understand their strengths and limitations. Observations are provided based on analysis of specification and experimental experience, regarding the protocol’s routing overhead, traffic pattern, resource requirement, fragmentation, etc. Simulations are further launched to study the performance in different traffic patterns, which include sensor-to-sensor traffic, sensor-to-root traffic and root-to-sensor bidirectional traffic. By evaluating those protocols, the readers could have better under- standing of the protocol applicability, and choose the appropriate protocol for desired applications.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Routing protocol is a critical component of Low- power and Lossy Networks for Smart Grid. The protocols are used for data forwarding, which includes data acquisition, information dissemination, etc. This paper evaluates two main routing protocols used for Low-power and Lossy Networks: RPL and LOADng, to understand their strengths and limitations. Observations are provided based on analysis of specification and experimental experience, regarding the protocol’s routing overhead, traffic pattern, resource requirement, fragmentation, etc. Simulations are further launched to study the performance in different traffic patterns, which include sensor-to-sensor traffic, sensor-to-root traffic and root-to-sensor bidirectional traffic. By evaluating those protocols, the readers could have better under- standing of the protocol applicability, and choose the appropriate protocol for desired applications.
Thomas Clausen; Jiazi Yi; Antonin Bas; Ulrich Herberg
A Depth First Forwarding (DFF) Extension for the LOADng Routing Protocol Proceedings Article
In: ASON 2013 Sixth International Workshop on Autonomous Self-Organizing Networks, 2013.
@inproceedings{Clausen2013,
title = {A Depth First Forwarding (DFF) Extension for the LOADng Routing Protocol},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Jiazi Yi and Antonin Bas and Ulrich Herberg},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-ASON-A-Depth-First-Forwarding-DFF-Extension-for-the-LOADng-Routing-Protocol.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/CANDAR.2013.72},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-12-01},
publisher = {ASON 2013 Sixth International Workshop on Autonomous Self-Organizing Networks},
abstract = {This paper explores the cooperation between the new standards for “Low Power and Lossy Networks” (LLNs): IETF RFC 6971, denoted “Depth-First Forwarding in Unreliable Networks” (DFF) and the ITU-T standardised routing protocol “LOADng” (Lightweight On-demand ad hoc Distance-vector Routing - next generation). DFF is a data-forwarding mechanism for increasing reliability of data delivery in networks with dynamic topology and lossy links, using a mechanism similar to a “depth-first search” for the destination of a packet. LOADng is a reactive on-demand routing protocol used in LLNs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefit of using DFF conjointly with a routing protocol. To this end, the paper compares the performance of LOADng and LOADng+DFF using Ns2 simulations, showing a 20% end-to-end data delivery ratio increase at expense of expected longer path lengths.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper explores the cooperation between the new standards for “Low Power and Lossy Networks” (LLNs): IETF RFC 6971, denoted “Depth-First Forwarding in Unreliable Networks” (DFF) and the ITU-T standardised routing protocol “LOADng” (Lightweight On-demand ad hoc Distance-vector Routing - next generation). DFF is a data-forwarding mechanism for increasing reliability of data delivery in networks with dynamic topology and lossy links, using a mechanism similar to a “depth-first search” for the destination of a packet. LOADng is a reactive on-demand routing protocol used in LLNs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benefit of using DFF conjointly with a routing protocol. To this end, the paper compares the performance of LOADng and LOADng+DFF using Ns2 simulations, showing a 20% end-to-end data delivery ratio increase at expense of expected longer path lengths.
Thomas Clausen; Axel Colin Verdiere; Jiazi Yi
Performance analysis of Trickle as a flooding mechanism Proceedings Article
In: IEEE 15th International Conference on Communication Technology, 2013.
@inproceedings{Clausen2013c,
title = {Performance analysis of Trickle as a flooding mechanism},
author = {Thomas Clausen and Axel Colin Verdiere and Jiazi Yi},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-ICCT-Performance-analysis-of-Trickle-as-a-flooding-mechanism.pdf},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCT.2013.6820439},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-11-01},
publisher = {IEEE 15th International Conference on Communication Technology},
abstract = {“The Trickle Algorithm” is conceived as an adaptive mechanism for allowing efficient and reliable information sharing among nodes, communicating across a lossy and shared medium. Its basic principle is, for each node, to monitor transmissions from its neighbours, compare what it receives with its cur- rent state, and schedule future transmissions accordingly: if an inconsistency of information is detected, or if few or no neighbours have transmitted consistent information “recently”, the next transmission is scheduled “soon” – and, in case consistent information from a sufficient number of neighbours is received, the next transmission is scheduled to be “later”.
Developed originally as a means of distributing firmware updates among sensor devices, this algorithm has found use also for distribution of routing information in the routing protocol RPL, standardised within the IETF for maintaining a routing topology for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). Its use is also proposed in a protocol for multicast in LLNs, denoted “Multicast Forwarding Using Trickle”. This paper studies the performance of the Trickle algorithm, as it is used in that multicast protocol.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
“The Trickle Algorithm” is conceived as an adaptive mechanism for allowing efficient and reliable information sharing among nodes, communicating across a lossy and shared medium. Its basic principle is, for each node, to monitor transmissions from its neighbours, compare what it receives with its cur- rent state, and schedule future transmissions accordingly: if an inconsistency of information is detected, or if few or no neighbours have transmitted consistent information “recently”, the next transmission is scheduled “soon” – and, in case consistent information from a sufficient number of neighbours is received, the next transmission is scheduled to be “later”.
Developed originally as a means of distributing firmware updates among sensor devices, this algorithm has found use also for distribution of routing information in the routing protocol RPL, standardised within the IETF for maintaining a routing topology for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). Its use is also proposed in a protocol for multicast in LLNs, denoted “Multicast Forwarding Using Trickle”. This paper studies the performance of the Trickle algorithm, as it is used in that multicast protocol.
Developed originally as a means of distributing firmware updates among sensor devices, this algorithm has found use also for distribution of routing information in the routing protocol RPL, standardised within the IETF for maintaining a routing topology for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). Its use is also proposed in a protocol for multicast in LLNs, denoted “Multicast Forwarding Using Trickle”. This paper studies the performance of the Trickle algorithm, as it is used in that multicast protocol.
Jiazi Yi; Juan Antonio Cordero; Thomas Clausen
Jitter Considerations in On-demand Route Discovery for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Proceedings Article
In: The 16th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2013), 2013.
@inproceedings{Clausen2013g,
title = {Jitter Considerations in On-demand Route Discovery for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks},
author = {Jiazi Yi and Juan Antonio Cordero and Thomas Clausen},
url = {http://www.thomasclausen.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2013-NBIS-Jitter-Considerations-in-On-demand-Route-Discovery-for-Mobile-Ad-Hoc-Networks.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/NBiS.2013.28},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-09-01},
publisher = {The 16th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS-2013)},
abstract = {Jittering (a small, random variation in timing of control message emission) is widely used in protocols for wireless communication, in order to avoid simultaneous packet transmis- sions over the same channel by adjacent nodes in the network. Used for both regularly scheduled packets, for event-triggered packets, and for scheduled resets in the network, jittering is a particularly important mechanism when a network event may cause multiple adjacent nodes to react concurrently. Introduced in the proactive MANET routing protocol OLSR, the “LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation” (LOADng), a derivative of AODV, is specified so as to also use jitter for flooding Route Request (RREQ) messages during route discovery. This use of jitter in RREQ flooding is, however, not without drawbacks, which are identified and addressed in this paper within the framework of a more general study of jitter mechanisms used for route discovery in reactive routing protocols. The paper studies the behavior of route discovery when using “naive” jitter (simply, delaying RREQ retransmission by a small uniformly distributed random delay), in order to identify and analyze the problems hereof, mostly related to route sub-optimality and excessive control traffic overhead. A Window Jitter mechanism is then proposed to address these issues – with the performance hereof, when compared to “naive” jitter being evaluated by way of modeling, theoretical analysis and experiments. The paper shows that the use of Window Jitter improves indeed the efficiency of route discovery in AODV and overcome the drawbacks identified for “naive” jitter.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Jittering (a small, random variation in timing of control message emission) is widely used in protocols for wireless communication, in order to avoid simultaneous packet transmis- sions over the same channel by adjacent nodes in the network. Used for both regularly scheduled packets, for event-triggered packets, and for scheduled resets in the network, jittering is a particularly important mechanism when a network event may cause multiple adjacent nodes to react concurrently. Introduced in the proactive MANET routing protocol OLSR, the “LLN On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol - Next Generation” (LOADng), a derivative of AODV, is specified so as to also use jitter for flooding Route Request (RREQ) messages during route discovery. This use of jitter in RREQ flooding is, however, not without drawbacks, which are identified and addressed in this paper within the framework of a more general study of jitter mechanisms used for route discovery in reactive routing protocols. The paper studies the behavior of route discovery when using “naive” jitter (simply, delaying RREQ retransmission by a small uniformly distributed random delay), in order to identify and analyze the problems hereof, mostly related to route sub-optimality and excessive control traffic overhead. A Window Jitter mechanism is then proposed to address these issues – with the performance hereof, when compared to “naive” jitter being evaluated by way of modeling, theoretical analysis and experiments. The paper shows that the use of Window Jitter improves indeed the efficiency of route discovery in AODV and overcome the drawbacks identified for “naive” jitter.